INFORM Professional serial key or number

Product key on a Proof of License Certificate of Authenticity for Windows Vista Home Premium

A product key, also known as a software key, is a specific software-based key for a computer program. It certifies that the copy of the program is original. Activation is sometimes done offline by entering the key, or with software like Target Security card, Bestbuy and Walmart, online activation is required to prevent multiple people using the key like Xbox Digital Code. Not all software has a product key, as some publishers may choose to use a different method to protect their copyright, or in some cases, such as free or open source software, copyright protection is not used.

Computer games use product keys to verify that the game has not been copied without authorization. Likewise, one is not allowed to play online with two identical product keys at the same time.

Product keys consist of a series of numbers and/or letters. This sequence is typically entered by the user during the installation of computer software, and is then passed to a verification function in the program. This function manipulates the key sequence according to a mathematical algorithm and attempts to match the results to a set of valid solutions.

Effectiveness[edit]

Standard key generation, where product keys are generated mathematically, is not completely effective in stopping copyright infringement of software, as these keys can be distributed. In addition, with improved communication from the rise of the Internet, more sophisticated attacks on keys such as cracks (removing the need for a key) and product key generators have become common.

Because of this, software publishers use additional product activation methods to verify that keys are both valid and uncompromised. One method assigns a product key based on a unique feature of the purchaser's computer hardware, which cannot be as easily duplicated since it depends on the user's hardware. Another method involves requiring one-time or periodical validation of the product key with an internet server (for games with an online component, this is done whenever the user signs in). The server can deactivate unmodified client software presenting invalid or compromised keys. Modified clients may bypass these checks^[1], but the server can still deny those clients information or communication.

Controversy[edit]

Some of the most effective CD key protection is controversial, due to inconvenience, strict enforcement, harsh penalties and, in some cases, false positives. CD key uses uncompromising digital procedures to enforce the license agreement.

Inconvenience[edit]

Product keys are somewhat inconvenient for end users. Not only do they need to be entered whenever a program is installed, but the user must also be sure not to lose them. Loss of a product key usually means the software is useless once uninstalled, unless, prior to uninstallation, a key recovery application is used (although not all programs support this).^[2]

Product keys also present new ways for distribution to go wrong. If a product is shipped with missing or invalid keys, then the CD itself is useless. For example, all copies of Splinter Cell: Pandora Tomorrow originally shipped to Australia without CD keys.^[3]

Enforcement and penalties[edit]

There are many cases of permanent bans enforced by companies detecting usage violations. It is common for an online system to immediately blacklist a CD key caught running cracks or, in some cases, cheats. This results in a permanent ban. Players who wish to continue use of the software must repurchase it. This has inevitably led to criticism over the motivations of enforcing permanent bans.^{[citation needed]}

Particularly controversial is the situation which arises when multiple products' keys are bound together. If products have dependencies on other products (as is the case with expansion packs), it is common for companies to ban all bound products. For example, if a fake CD key is used with an expansion pack, the server may ban legitimate CD keys from the original game. Similarly, with Valve's Steam service, all products the user has purchased are bound into the one account. If this account is banned, the user will lose access to every product associated with the same account^[4]

This "multi-ban" is highly controversial, since it bans users from products which they have legitimately purchased and used.^{[citation needed]}

False positives[edit]

Bans are enforced by servers immediately upon detection of cracks or cheats, usually without human intervention. Sometimes, legitimate users are wrongly deemed in violation of the license, and banned. In large cases of false positives, they are sometimes corrected (as happened in World of Warcraft.^[5]) However, individual cases may not be given any attention.^{[citation needed]}

A common cause of false positives (as with the World of Warcraft case above) is users of unsupported platforms. For example, users of Linux can run Windows applications through compatibility layers such as Wine and Cedega. This software combination sometimes triggers the game's server anti-cheating software, resulting in a ban due to Wine or Cedega being a Windows API compatibility layer for Linux, so it is considered third-party (cheating) software by the game's server.^{[6][citation needed]}

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Serial Keys မ်ား လုိအပ္ၾကမယ္ ထင္ပါတယ္
.
.
VMware Workstation v9.X
.
Serial Key:
.
ZF3XZW0QP-E6PGC-PKRZF
VY19KX5LMY-MXMZG-MAUF2
YA5X2-FEFDK-H80VQ-4YWQC-MPARD
YU1WA-F1GDUQ-ADNNT-XCAR6
GF1WR-FGZ5JRY-JGQQC-XZ2G8
AY3HA-F1D5ND7Q-Z6X5T-XK2G2
.
YG5EK-D1X8LXY-NNQEC-P3AW6
VF14H-0YFED2Z-ZDPNT-YFUZ8
ZU31H-2WYY-Z5WQZ-ZAAC6
GC1WK-F8XEM-MP-9WMG9-XUU9F
AYW0MDY-GDQ7T-QL8Z8
FF34U-A5WH80UP-F6WNV-NL8V6
CF71K-AGDHQ-Q4P7E-XL2R6
YZ5MA-6GXDPY-K4PNG-XK2ZF
====================================================================
NovaPDF Professional Desktop v
.
Name : Dennis Anker
.
Serial: B11F-8V0T-XRU2-ZMDF-2WMXEB-NHK4
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Microsoft Office
.
S/N: 9MBNG-4VQ2Q-WQ2VF-X9MV2-MPXKV
========================================================================
PowerDVD v
.
S/N: MVG
========================================================================
Active Partition Recovery Enterprise v
.
Registered Name: Bernhard Walder
.
Registration Key: Q-RB25TZXFW-WVDCRCD4EQ-YWMDZ6-MD61TD-VQ4VMUUDCJB9DX-8NJMPA
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AUTO CAD
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sl no= , product key= E1
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Internet Download Manager v Serial
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First Name: Anything
Last Name: Anything
Email: Anything
Serial: 7G7QY-NZWKQKRA-RAMQ4
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Registry Workshop v
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Serial Key:
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01CBC4B66ABDEDEC63B3D32ADDAAD5EF54FCCFBC7A2AA1D44AE17ED3CC70F31E
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USB Disk Security v Serial Key
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ACADEMIC

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ABUTTER

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ABRAZITE

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ABRADE

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WIRING

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Advanced Archive Password Recovery Pro v
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Serial Key:
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ARCHPRP-NWGTNDXZWD
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ARCHPRP-LEHKERHCZWn
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Internet Download Manager v
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First Name: Any Name
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Email: Any Email
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Serials:
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7G7QY-NZWKQKRA-RAMQ4
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or
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D4BSWRY9-FLFVP-NETDI
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ImTOO Video Converter Ultimate v
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Serial Key:
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3AE5E5-CAA9-E3EAAC62
CBE7E-5CA1-BF8ADB55
A5CA4F-5FEDED-FC87
C3AE8E-5CACBBD3
1BC5-E0EBC-BCA53D-F9ED
A18F-5C6C-3AEBFCA
C-5A5AECEABBF
========================================================================
FutureDecks DJ Pro v
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Serial Key:
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P4A3S56MN
MCKC43
L7NNSFL5MPPK
CLCKHK5
F9K65L35C5C5
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avg internet security
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Licence: 8MEH-RFR8J-PTS8QATA-O4WHO-JEMBR-ACED
========================================================================
Microsoft Windows 8 RTM
.
Key
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6CNK2-RTVRV-TXYQKDBM-B4DHC
3HBYGNXPRCCMCB-HT67C
KGQND-Q2HH6-XHXHCVWWKVC
F2V7V-8WNBPV-MKYMKH3P
.
========================================================================
Adobe Photoshop Lightroom v
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Serial Key:
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Name: mahn
Serial:
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Name: Flash Gordon
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Name: Green Lantern
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Any Video Converter Ultimate v
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Name: LiveLong
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Serial: KZ-KFQ4QUJABBMR1A-DNTPG7
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TeamViewer Premium serial number
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s/n:
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Photoshine Serial Key
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name :ACPJC4E
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serial : A0JJCFB
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PowerISO
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Name: PowerISO
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Serial: M9PHF-E3AK2-QY-DAQ1H-TVXVJ
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Kaspersky Internet Security License Key :-
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Use One Of This Activation Code To Get 90 Days License →↓
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4GGYH-S7HEJ-QEGXT-4C88H
.
(OR)
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QCGUH-J8FFWGA-UBY62
========================================================================
TuneUp Utilities v
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Serial Key:
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FCR-DA19JWFX5TRYJX-DX6T1Y-A9K5E3
.
WVACTK-RNWVQ9-AK1YVC-Y07WYB-TB9Y5H-FVHFA8
.
C9ATBK-F4CXJE-H60MH3-NHXPKQRPBKF6V2
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99VV7M-KRN8PK-4PDPX4-KY9Y7T-Q7TQWJ5AKD
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HNBHQA-B3QEWW-4Y6TWC-KXDRT8-QRCRTV8H
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9H2JWP-YPKKAM-3M8TAD-J82PYBWMFN-N5K
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8DRYX9-B4AKRK-CTH3TE-N0QFY1-RXP-TTRKC6
.
MWETXX-RA0TAM-JRF-YFHNW9-VMEVVM
========================================================================
Avast! AntiVirus v License Key Expiry Date
() :-
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CRAU52DEWK3
.
OR
.
CRAU52DEWK3
========================================================================
Flash Player Pro v
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Name: LiveLong
Serial: LdfFlaB9AC7E23EAA6EA9BD65AADFB
========================================================================
Hide Files and Folders v
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Serial Key:
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a66e44fe14a7fcd5
beffac8c3d28
3d5cbbddfe6b
cd0bbcf8e2
fdbde7a94fe93
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Nitro PDF Professional Enterprise 8 v
.
Serial:
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NP8D95K4GGCC
NP8D28K08KA52
NP8D8F04GSKD
NP8D98G4XKS
NP8DD60C8SFC
NP8D23CX8CFA36D
NP8DCD8GOKDCCA4
NP8D03S4SGKD6DA0
NP8DDE8
NP8DG84C
NP8D2F4KXCF6DFBA
NP8D03C80SKF59AA
NP8D20KSXBF
NP8DCD4COSF9C6
NP8D52G00OE8C6C
NP8DDE8
========================================================================
SUPERAntiSpyware Professional v
.
Serial Number:
Activation Code: 60ce0cadd
.
Serial Number:
Activation Code: b8b9-f84b-0e4d-dd7d
.
Serial Number:
Activation Code: ca2cf0
========================================================================
Office professional plus Serials
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BDD3G-XM7FB-BD2HM-YK63V-VQFDK
W3BTX-H6BW7-Q6DFW-BXFFY-8RVJP
DX4MW-PB7F4-YR4WT-BV3MM-4YV79
6DF4F2-BKKV8-YCHRF-PWR8B
4C9PX-DH3G9-DD-FGGKF-PRWH3
W3GKFKR2-M9CJGG
========================================================================
Avast 5+6+7 serial ( Free )
.
S/N: WRATZ
========================================================================
USB Drive Antivirus V Build
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1. NAME-USB Antivirus
Serial-WWHKZY
.
2. NAME-User
Serial-WWKZ
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3. NAME-Rock_OM
Serial-TSIS
.
4. NAME-Frendz
Serial-HVKVN
========================================================================
Corel Graphic Suit X6
.
S/N: DR16RLZA9ZQN-6HPW8RX-6QTKYZ
========================================================================
Corel Video Studio 12 Serials
.
VS14RPZ9U4XB-4USTVDL-PEPLKE2
VS14RDGB-UUS6KEQW6UW
VS14RPR6QWBP-GUCYVNG-UKSQJHA
VS14RTUA-V4EG9DR-P6TB6UE
VS14RUYC4CTQ-BPQJTWTT4SPS
VS14RLHHXZP4N5P4-SBM7HGS
VS14RD8YUMAB-A2Q3YNE-HMQWNWE
VS14RR5BNPCQ-DKY26BT-DPY6C9J
VS14RQKDXPFN-YRVKL2E-HGZRG6E
========================================================================
Super DVD Factory v
.
Name: freeserialkey
.
Serial: BA01C9C8BB4A42AAA2CBFABE4CF26AE68FCCFA0E9CFCFADFD58CEFBCDAAD2A87BFFF2F60CC40A24D7CA8A8AACC73D3BACCFC0DECFE9C4EA4F3EC32CA1FDC5
========================================================================
Virtual DJ 6
.
Serial: WBBS-UCHF-UBBLG
========================================================================
Sony Sound Forge
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SN : HQ-EM4R8P-7SG-S93NCR
========================================================================
ADOBE PREMIERE PRO CS4 SERIAL KEYS
.

.

========================================================================
Quick Heal Total Security version:
.
()
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Serial: VNI4-GACFRSUW
========================================================================
Avira internet security until 19 April
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Serial: P3WWW-WWWT3-PJHYD-CNCJS
========================================================================
ESET SMART SECURITY 4 and 5,6 !
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Username: EAV
password : kbbmak3xen

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Username: EAV
password : 8ad8k72nbm

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Username: EAV
Password:j2jfk4u6pe
Expire
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Username:EAV
Password:xbjaarhjs5
Expire
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Username:EAV
Password:h6sb4ctejc
Expire
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Username:EAV
Password:rmjcev7tra
Expire
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Username:EAV
Password:cdedc44tt3
Expire
========================================================================
avg antivirus Serial
.
8meh-r9q3v-zhe2tkcr-a9gls-yembr-aced
8meh-rlkzo-8chhh-hsyka-kauxg-sembr-aced
8meh-rypt9h-ycnsr-h42ot-eembr-aced
8meh-r2cml-sswfw-moxfr-tcrgu-3embr-aced
8meh-rfod4-sx7r8-jrtqa-jgero-wembr-aced
8meh-rnzll-2yuqxppa-m3tde-aembr-aced
8meh-rk82s-pwfc33ba-qdw4h-gembr-aced
8meh-rf22z-an7hs-qdwmr-2eebp-bembr-aced
8meh-ryh2w-sak7n-h2hga-w73jembr-aced
8meh-rnxbd-gmngf-bslsr-zjkod-pembr-aced
8meh-rf4bz-fh4uo-vrv3a-4ch9l-dembr-aced
8meh-rg9b7-bggvc-pxrcr-jpr2l-hembr-aced
8meh-rvega-vjyy3-y3dla-8nxyembr-aced
========================================================================
Windows 8 developer preview product key
.
6RH4V-HNTWC-JQKG8-RFR3R
========================================================================
AVG Antivirus Professional Serial Number
.
8MEH-RW2ZUS4FQCR-WFZV4-BEMBR-ACED
8MEH-RREY3-L2LQA-LUMOR-UHNKEMBR-ACED
8MEH-RPDWL-THRLY-O8Z3RSC-4EMBR-ACED
8MEH-RPTGT-KMOL7-EEEVR-KORKD-LEMBR-ACED
8MEH-RMXLW-HN44A-BABPA-SBK3B-PEMBR-ACED
8MEH-RCKOP-BP9KK-YW8EA-6K8TK-SEMBR-ACED
8MEH-RXYFD-JUVR-FTBZ6-QEMBR-ACED
8MEH-RAJC2-O3PKRRQA-H3SLN-REMBR-ACED
8MEH-R2CML-SS7FW-MOXFR-TRU8V-3EMBR-ACED
8MEH-RS47YHT8-GONVA-BCCCZ-DEMBR-ACED
8MEH-RXYFD-JUVR-FTDO8-QEMBR-ACED
========================================================================
Nero
.
Code: MEU7K-KLPZ-XT4P-2MTPA8
========================================================================
Nero
.
Code: MEU7K-KLPZ-XT4P-2MTPA8
========================================================================
Adobe Flash Professional CS5
.
Serial Key:
.





















========================================================================
FIFA 12 serials online (PC)
.
Serial:
.
QJAA-SCPR-2XYK-X3ML-0UNL
S4LU-NP8Z-GKAD-7GK2-JRLD
Y7GY-CSUG-3BV1N-0UNL
MXMD-8GXKL-Q67F-0UNL
5Y9H 9GCV 6L7F 7GG4 DU6E
========================================================================
Adobe CS3 Keygen serial number
.
Serial number
Activation number:
Activation type: Normal
========================================================================
Windows XP SP2 geniune key
.
Serial: JG28K-H9Q7X-BH6WPDCQ-6XBFJ
========================================================================
SpeedUpMyPC
.
Licence Key:
.
SP-EKSPY-W97SD-VRMZN-CWM4C-MJKVH-EHAZ8
========================================================================
Game Maker 6
.
Serial: EBE7AD9EFEE02F
========================================================================
WinUtilities v Professional Edition
.
Serial: WYMTGGPFE-AFQKWU
=======================================================================
Cyberlink Powerdirector 9
.
Seiral: BFFZ7NB-KHZEY-B3LAP-BNEFL-VT3EW
========================================================================
Your Uninstaller Pro Serial
.
Name: sharyn kolibob
.
Serial: P0U6X-N5BBFB-EH9ZTE-DEZ8PU4RRGZ6PF-EMYUAZ-9J6XQQBV1Z
========================================================================
Adobe Photoshop CS3 Master Collection Serial
.
Serial:
========================================================================
PasswordUnlocker PDF Password Remover
.
Serial: hzNHEuQvcGvzRyVJHgv9pyiki7kbTQymwmCViiUCjEO0UQmchDw8NwjlmHE09nDe2ztZrUJ3UUtvoQY2CdDIQbzQKzoC0ae7+w3EvYYd9W1UPJ2+1a6z42vAxCfnV2Mn4A+rPJwnqJa2FK7kZJOFr3NszWprjzsFAdQgw=
========================================================================
Microsft office enterprise 32 bit
.
Serial: F3DJD-6FFQ4-XQTQF-PGKMDQ8
.
CM9RX4DV-F43J4-JVCGYDQ8
========================================================================
bitdefender free edition v10oem
.
Serial: 7C7CC-DCAF
========================================================================
FIFA
.
Serial: URU4-HVRD-G8H7-F7G
.
KKHH-FRTB-L1M2-F5V
.
URKK-F9Y4-G5UQ
.
PMXPL2-D1GL
.
J87PP7-W8J4-T3F
========================================================================
Folder Lock Final
.
serial key: F
.
registration: CC0EE8C65E3CBE4F44A
.
serial key: F
.
registration: 4E3AE0EE4E0CEDE30EEC7A7CEA
.
serial key: F
.
registration F60EB08CEA88C2E4AEEAEAE
.
serial key: F
.
registration :C6EAA4AACC00BB2FCEBB0
.
serial key: F
.
registration :5ABEDCDE9E88CA26FA88C4
.
serial key: F
.
registration :8AC2E8BACEAACB8B4A6B8F46A1AAA
.
serial key: F
.
registration :B6EAC24DEA1EC4FCD62C5CD8E8FC6A
.
serial key: F
.
registration :9CAEC42C5E74CEA20DECCFA
.
serial key: F
.
registration :9A98B6FC12A60EEAAE4EAE70AED
.
serial key: F
.
registration FA5E14AE88C89EACFABCC2
.
serial key: F
.
registration :DEC1E1E46DCC81CD4FE30
.
serial key: F
.
registration C85E9EEFC4EAEA4CA88
.
serial key: F
.
registration :7E52F24CC40AAE44B0A21AC0
.
serial key: F
.
registration :7AC8E12A0A80CF8FE9ABAC6EB
.
serial key: F
.
registration :7CEAA8FAB0AAFECC98B2E
.
serial key: F
.
registration C1ABE7AAAC8EF8BAFDE4CDCC4DE
.
serial key: F
.
registration :F6FAAE2DEBCCA1AF64A4E0C88BE94
.
serial key: F
.
registration CCCF4B4D8F8BA46D42EA4A2CAC41A8
========================================================================
MP3 Encoder
.
s/n: _a_ydcgwvaf
.
s/n: _a_ydcgwvaf
========================================================================
Defrag Professional Edition
.
Name: Hans Mueller
.
License: DPMVNZQ-X32XY
.
Name: Hans Mueller
.
License: DPMVNZQ-X32XY
========================================================================
TraceRoute
.
s/n: Key-B
.
s/n: Key-B
========================================================================
Norton Internet Security
.
Serial: JTGWHQ7RQ32BBB89XJM Only 1 User !
=======================================================================
Angry Birds Space
.
Serial: THET-ALEV-LEFR-USWO OR 00a00b00c00d
=======================================================================
PC Optimizer Pro
.
Serial: XUVMP-6AFC-NNNP|XUVMP-6AFC-NNNR
========================================================================
WinPDFEditor v
.
BAKW-R82A-D42N-UNFG
BPNW-R26A-D99N-LIWG
BPOW-R90A-D88N-HIGG
BBUW-R26A-D59N-CAWG
BDOW-R13A-D25N-CLDG
BCFW-R93A-D39N-YETG
========================================================================
Uniblue Driverscanner Serial
.
Serial: DS-PKMGJ-9WRLL-G9XVB-UBXXE-MLY8P-MSGSV
.
TYPE THIS SERIAL cromwellpsi.com COPYING AND PASTING WILL NOT ACTIVATE THE SOFTWARE.
========================================================================
XILISOFT DVD RIPPER ULTIMATE
.
DF9DC-EFE0-EB-A73A-8CEF-B6AF
CB7DBDF5-AE6DE-B40AF46
38F60DE0-CBFCDF
CCBABBF4A-E9C7-B5CA2A
1EADDBA5AE-B16AB8-B
========================================================================
PC Tools Internet Security
.
Name: Bin ma
License: 49DF-D50D-CEDDC-D3DF-DFCECA9 OR
License key: A5CBBD8-E24DCAFCA9D-CA3CF
.
License Name: Max Porter
License Code: BFFCEEDAD-2FDA
.
Name: Heribert Muller
License key: CAAD-5BCDA10C-3ABF-EC-A4F8
.
Name: Bruno Herz
License key: 7DDDDDB0-BCCDF
.
Name: Viktor Werk
License key: FFDE04A-CDEBDA3
.
Name: Viktor Vogel
License key: D08DAEE-B7ECCB4F-3A3EC-B6D1
.
Name: Lothar Wolf
License key: ED75C-FF58EDC-6CEA1-B6B4
.
Name: Olga Feist
License key: 4D1FABE-F50A-2CCDC23
.
Name: Pidrilo Dushnoy
License key: A96DAA-8DCB0-AAD-ED1
========================================================================
Adobe photoshop cs6 Extender
.
Serial: PCR-Y5P77P-7EZ2QGUQD2MNQ
========================================================================

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Serial number from an identity document

Serial number on a semi-automatic pistol

Serial number of a laptop computer

A serial number is a unique identifier assigned incrementally or sequentially to an item, to uniquely identify it.

Serial numbers need not be strictly numerical. They may contain letters and other typographical symbols, or may consist entirely of a characterstring.1

Applications of serial numbering[edit]

Serial numbers identify otherwise identical individual units with many, obvious uses. Serial numbers are a deterrent against theft and counterfeit products, as they can be recorded, and stolen or otherwise irregular goods can be identified. Some items with serial numbers are automobiles, electronics, and appliances. Banknotes and other transferable documents of value bear serial numbers to assist in preventing counterfeiting and tracing stolen ones.

They are valuable in quality control, as once a defect is found in the production of a particular batch of product, the serial number will identify which units are affected.

Serial numbers for intangible goods[edit]

Serial numbers may be used to identify individual physical or intangible objects (for example computer software or the right to play an online multiplayer game). The purpose and application is different. A software serial number, otherwise called product key, is usually not embedded in the software, but is assigned to a specific user with a right to use the software. The software will function only if a potential user enters a valid product code. The vast majority of possible codes are rejected by the software. If an unauthorised user is found to be using the software, the legitimate user can be identified from the code. It is usually not impossible, however, for an unauthorised user to create a valid but unallocated code either by trying many possible codes, or reverse engineering the software; use of unallocated codes can be monitored if the software makes an Internet connection.

Other uses of the term[edit]

The term serial number is sometimes used for codes which do not identify a single instance of something. For example, the International Standard Serial Number or ISSN used on magazines, journals and other periodicals, an equivalent to the International Standard Book Number (ISBN) applied to books, is assigned to each periodical. It takes its name from the library science use of the word serial to mean a periodical.

Certificates and certificate authorities (CA) are necessary for widespread use of cryptography. These depend on applying mathematically rigorous serial numbers and serial number arithmetic, again not identifying a single instance of the content being protected.

Military and government use[edit]

The term serial number is also used in military formations as an alternative to the expression service number.^{[citation needed]} In air forces, the serial number is used to uniquely identify individual aircraft and is usually painted on both sides of the aircraft fuselage, most often in the tail area, although in some cases the serial is painted on the side of the aircraft's fin/rudder(s). Because of this, the serial number is sometimes called a tail number.

In the UK Royal Air Force (RAF) the individual serial takes the form of two letters followed by three digits, e.g., BT—the prototype Avro Lancaster, or XS—an English Electric Lightning F.6 at one time based at RAF Binbrook.^[1] During the Second World War RAF aircraft that were secret or carrying secret equipment had "/G" (for "Guard") appended to the serial, denoting that the aircraft was to have an armed guard at all times while on the ground, e.g., LZ/G—the prototype de Havilland Vampirejetfighter, or ML/G—a de Havilland Mosquito XVI experimentally fitted with H2S radar. Prior to this scheme the RAF, and predecessor Royal Flying Corps (RFC), utilised a serial consisting of a letter followed by four figures, e.g., D—a Bristol F.2 Fighter currently owned by the Shuttleworth Collection, or K—the prototype Supermarine Spitfire. The serial number follows the aircraft throughout its period of service.

In , the U.S. FDA published draft guidance for the pharmaceutical industry to use serial numbers on prescription drug packages.^[2] This measure is intended to enhance the traceability of drugs and to help prevent counterfeiting.

Serial number arithmetic[edit]

Serial numbers are often used in network protocols. However, most sequence numbers in computer protocols are limited to a fixed number of bits, and will wrap around after a sufficiently many numbers have been allocated. Thus, recently allocated serial numbers may duplicate very old serial numbers, but not other recently allocated serial numbers. To avoid ambiguity with these non-unique numbers, RFC&#; "Serial Number Arithmetic", defines special rules for calculations involving these kinds of serial numbers.

Lollipop sequence number spaces are a more recent and sophisticated scheme for dealing with finite-sized sequence numbers in protocols.

See also[edit]

Sources[edit]

• Elz, R., and R. Bush, RFC&#; "Serial Number Arithmetic", Network Working Group, August
• Plummer, William W. "Sequence Number Arithmetic". Cambridge, Massachusetts: Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc., 21 September

References[edit]

External links[edit]