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A mnemonic is a memory aid used to improve long term memory and make the process of consolidation easier. Many chemistry aspects, rules, names of compounds, sequences of elements, their reactivity, etc., can be easily and efficiently memorized with the help of mnemonics. This article contains the list of certain mnemonics in chemistry.

Orbitals[edit]

Sequence of orbitals[edit]

• Sober Physicists Don't Find Giraffes Hiding In Kitchens.

Note: After the k shell, they follow alphabetical order (skipping s and p as they came earlier).^[1]

Aufbau principle[edit]

The order of sequence of atomic orbitals (according to Madelung rule or Klechkowski rule) can be remembered by the following.^[2]

Order in which orbitals are arranged by increasing energy according to the Madelung rule. Each diagonal red arrow corresponds to a different value of n + l.

Periodic table[edit]

Periods[edit]

Periods 1, 2 and 3[edit]

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na (sodium) Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

• Native Magpies Always Sit Peacefully Searching Clear Areas.^[3]

• Naval Magistrates Always Signal Per Siren, Claiming Adequacy.^[4]

• Naughty Margaret Always Sighs, "Please Stop Clowning Around."^[5]

• Nellie's Naughty Magpie Always Sings Pop Songs Clearly After Killing Cathy.^[5]

• All Silicon Ports. Superman Clean Argon's K-Capture.^[6]

• Happy Harry Listens B B C Network Over France Nevertheless Nothing More Arose So Peter Stopped Cleaning Airgun K Ca.^[7]

• Ha. Healthy Little Beggar Boys Catching Newts Or Fish.^[8]

• Hell, Here Little Beatniks Brandish Countless Number Of Flick kNives.^[9]Nagging Maggie Always Sighs, "Please Stop Clowning Around."^[5] (adapted)
• Hi Helium. Little Berries Borrow Carbs, NOFight Needed.

Period 4[edit]

K (Potassium) Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

• Kindly Cannibals Scare Timid Visitors, 'n' Cruelly Menace Female Communist Nitwits Cuddling Zany Gabbling Geese Astride Several Brutal Kangaroos.^[4]
• In reverse order: b

r'y Brother! SeAs of Germany and Gaul sink copper ships Nice and Cold From Manx to Crimea, Vancouver to Timor, and Scandinavia to the California Koast.^[10]

• Kind Cats Scare Tiny Vicious Creatures, Maintaining Feline Connections Nice, Cute & Zen. Gallium Germinates AsSelene Brings Krypton.

Period 5[edit]

• Ruby, Sir, Yells "Zircon Nebulas&#;!". Most Technicians Rule Rhodes and Paddle Against Cadence". India Sent Sebastian to Tell "Io Xenon".

Transition metals[edit]

First[edit]

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

• Scary Tiny Vicious Creatures are Mean; Females Come to NightClub Zen.^[11]
• SucTion VelCro ManFears CoNiC uZi.

Second[edit]

Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

• Yes S(Z)ir, Nob. Most Technicians Rub Rod's Pale SilverCadillac.^[11]

Third[edit]

La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg

• Larry's Half Taken, Wendy Reached Out H(I)erPlate Audibly, Helga.^[11]
• Late Harry Took Walk, Reached Office In Pajamas, After an Hour.

Lanthanides and actinides[edit]

Lanthanides[edit]

(La) Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

• Ladies Can't Put Needles Properly in Slot-machines. Every Girl Tries Daily, However, Every Time You'd_be Lose.^[12]
• Languid Centaurs Praise Ned's Promise of Small European Garden Tubs; Dinosaurs Hobble Erratically Thrumming Yellow Lutes.^[13]

Actinides[edit]

(Ac) Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

• Radiant Acting Thoroughly Protects yoUr Nepotism, Plutocratic America Cures-me & Berkeley California, Einstein Firmly Mended Noble Lawreins.^[14]
• According to Thor Protects: Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Amy Cured Berkeley, California. Einstein and Fermi Made Noble Laws.^[11]

56 elements in sequence[edit]

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba

Indian Sons Sobbing Tears In Xcess Cease Bawling.^[6]

Groups[edit]

Group 1 (alkali metals)[edit]

Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Caesium, Francium

• Little Nasty Kids RubCatsFur
• Little Naughty Kids Ruin Ben's Convenient Store Forever
• Little Nathan Knew Rubies Cost Fortunes
• Little Naughty Kids Rob Cold Fries

Group 2 (alkaline earth metals)[edit]

Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Radium

• Bearded Muggers Came Straight Back Rapidly.
• Beer Mugs Can Serve Bar Rats.^[11]
• Ben Meg & Casia Stroll away to Bar of Radium

Group 13[edit]

Boron, Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, Thallium

• Bowler Ali Gave Instant Tea
• BAG IT
• Bears Always Gave Indians Trouble

Group 14[edit]

Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin, Lead

Group 16 (Halogens)[edit]

Old Seema(seema aunty) Seems Too Powefrul Lately.

Oxygen, Sulfur, Selenium, Tellurium, Polonium

• Old TSangpo Seems Terribly Polluted Lately.^[11]
• Ottoman Syria Sends Textiles to Poland-Lithuania.

Group 17 (Halogens)[edit]

Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Astatine, Tennessine

Group 18 (noble gases)[edit]

Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon, Oganesson

• Hero Needs Arguable Kryptic Xes. Right-on.^[14]
• He Never Arrived; Karen eXited with Ron.^[11]
• He Needs A Kickin', Xylophone-playin' Racehorse! (And Oh, gee, now we need to add Oganesson (Og)!)

Properties of elements[edit]

Abundance of elements on earth's crust[edit]

• Only Strong Athletes In College Study Past Midnight
• Oh, see(Si), Alfie(Fe) Cannot(Na) Kiss Meg(Mg)

As they are present in trace quantities they are measured in parts per million(ppm).

Activity series of metals[edit]

• Please Stop Calling Me ACute Zebra Crab ILike Her Call Smart Goat

• Please Stop Calling Me ACarless Zebra Crab Instead Try Learning How Copper Miners Save Gold Pit

Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Zinc, Iron, Lead, Hydrogen, Copper, Mercury, Silver Gold

Another way to memorize the Reactivity series in order is by Using the Story-Link Memory Technique.^[16]

Note that Carbon and Hydrogen are non-metals, used as a baseline.

• Kangaroos Naturally Muck About in Zoos For Purple Hippos Chasing Aardvarks.^[17]
• Katty's Naughty Cat Mingled with Alice and Zarina; Fearlessly Plundering Her Cupboard of Gold.^[18]
• Papa Said Call Me After Zinc Interacts Tin Leading Hydrogen Co-operate Mr. Sylvester to Gain Popularity.^[19]

• Pretty(Potassium) Sally(Sodium) Could(Calcium) Marry(Magnesium) A(Aluminium) Crazy(Carbon) Zulu(Zinc) IN(Iron/Nickel) Tree(Tin) Lined(Lead) House(Hydrogen) Causing(Copper) Strangely(Silver) Glancing(Gold) People(Platinum).

• Li K Ba Sr Ca Na. Mg Al Mn Zn. Cr Fe Cd, Co Ni Sn Pb. That is.

Electronegativity[edit]

(F)irst (O)ff, (Cl)oud (N)ow; (Br)ing (I)n (S)ome (C)aps, (H)ats, and (P)ants. (First off, cloud now. Bring in some caps, hats {and} pants.)

Electrochemical series[edit]

• Popular Scientists Can Make AZoo In The Low Humid Country More(Mercury) Satisfactorily (Gold).
• Paddy Still Could Marry AZulu In The Lovely Honolulu Causing Strange Gazes.
• Please Stop Calling Me ACrazy Zombie If That Large Hippo Can’t Swim, Glug, glug.
• Passive Sarcasm Can Mutate Angry Zombies InTo Large Hypocritical Cold Sexy Guys.
• Please Send Charlie's Monkeys And Zebras In Cages Securely Guarded
• Police Sergeant Charles MACZINTLHas Caught Me Stealing Gold Plates

Reactions and ions[edit]

Redox reactions[edit]

A redox reaction is a chemical reaction in which there is a change in oxidation state of atoms participating in the reaction.

Ions[edit]

An atom (or ion) whose oxidation number increases in a redox reaction is said to be oxidized (and is called a reducing agent). It is accomplished by loss of one or more The atom whose oxidation number decreases gains (receives) one or more electrons and is said to be reduced. This relation can be remembered by the following mnemonics.

• Leo says Ger! or Leo the lion, Ger! can be used to represent Loss of electron is oxidation; Gain of electron is reduction.^[21][22]
• Oil Rig: Oxidation is loss; Reduction is gain (of electrons).^[23]

Cations and anions[edit]

Cations are positively (+) charged ions while anions are negatively (−) charged. This can be remembered with the help of the following mnemonics.

• Cats have paws ⇔ Cations are pawsitive.^[24]
• Ca+ion: The letter t in cation looks like a + (plus) sign.^[25]
• An anion is a negative ion. (Anion &#; Anion).^[26]

Cation vs. anion: positive vs. negative[edit]

The t in cation looks like a plus sign: "ca+ion".

Cation is positive, anion is negative.^[27]

Oxidation vs. reduction: electrochemical cell and electron gain/loss[edit]

AN OIL RIG CAT:

At the ANode, Oxidation Involves Loss of electrons.

Reduction Involves Gaining electrons at the CAThode.^[27]

LOAN - Left Anode Oxidation Negative. In written representation of galvanic cell, anode is written on the left. It is the electrode where oxidation takes place. It is the negative electrode. Obviously, the opposite properties (Right/Cathode/Reduction/Positive) are found on the cathode. Hence, by remembering LOAN mnemonic, we can arrive at the corresponding properties for the cathode.

LEO says GER:

"Loss of Electrons, Oxidation; Gain of Electrons, Reduction".^[28]

Electrodes[edit]

An electrode in which oxidation takes place is called an anode while in that which reduction takes place is called cathode. This applies for both electrolytic and electrochemical cells, though the charge on them reverses. The red cat and an ox mnemonics are useful to remember the same.

• Red cat: Reduction at cathode

An ox: Anode for oxidation.^[29]

• The words oxidation andanode, both begin with vowels.

Also, both reduction andcathode begin with consonants.^[26]

• Fat Cat: electrons flow From Anode To Cathode
• LOAN: Left side;Oxidation;Anode;Negative.

Compounds[edit]

Diatomic molecules[edit]

Molecules exhibiting diatomic structures can be remembered through the following mnemonics.

Hydrogen bonds[edit]

Hydrogen forms hydrogen bonds with three elements which are nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) and fluorine (F). The names of these elements can be remembered by the following mnemonic.

Polyatomic ions: &#;ate and -ite ions[edit]

• Super Popeye Constantly Clubbed Brutus In Nevada.

• Nick Brit the Camel ate an Inky Clam with Crêpes for Supper in Phoenix.

Number of consonants denotes number of oxygen atoms. Number of vowels denotes negative charge quantity. Inclusion of the word "ate" signifies that each ends with the letters a-t-e. To use this for the -ite ions, simply subtract one oxygen but keep the charge the same.

Organic chemistry[edit]

Prefixes for naming carbon chains[edit]

The prefixes for naming carbon chains containing one to four carbons. For chains containing five or more carbons, the inorganic prefixes (pent, hex, etc.) are used.

• Monkeys Eat Peeled Bananas

Carboxylic acids[edit]

Common names of homogeneous aliphatic carboxylic acids,

Dicarboxylic acids[edit]

The sequence of dicarboxylic acids can be remembered with following mnemonics.

• Oh My, Such Good Apples.^[34]
• Oh My Stars, Green Apples.
• Oh My, Such Good Apple Pie, Sweet As Sugar.^[35][36]
• Oh My Stars, Go Ahead Please^[26]
• OMSGAP - is a phonetic word for the first letters of the first six dicarboxylic acids above in sequence.

Aromatic compounds[edit]

m-directing groups[edit]

• Queen Elizabeth Second's Navy Commands, Controls, Communicates.^[37]

o,p-directing groups[edit]

Note: -NH₂,-NHR and NR₂ are para directing groups but not -NR₃⁺

E-Z notation for isomers[edit]

"E" for enemies. i.e higher priority groups on opposite sides. Z form has higher priority groups on same side.^[27]

"Z zame zide" i.e. high priority groups on same side.

Cis–trans isomerism[edit]

Cis starts with a C and the functional groups form a C.

Trans, therefore is the other one by default.^[27]

Benzene ring: order of substitutes[edit]

From R group moving around the ring:^[27]

Biochemistry[edit]

Essential amino acids[edit]

• PVT TIM HaLL^[38] and TT HALL Very IMPortant.^[39]
• These Ten Valuable Acids Have Long Preserved Life In Men
• MATT HILL, VP Matt Hill is the Vice President
• LIFT HIM KIW(V)I
• TV FILM HW(R)K.
• Any Help In Learning These Little Molecules Proves Truly Valuable.^[40] This method begins with the two amino acids that need some qualifications as to their requirements.
• There as [a] fat man [that] hated vanilla icing, [but] loved Kit-Kats.

Krebs cycle[edit]

To remember Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle);

• Caesar’s Armies Invaded Other Kingdoms Searching For Many Oranges.^[20]
• Citric Acid Is One Key Substrate For Mitochondrial Oxidation

Plant nutrients[edit]

To remember the elements necessary for agriculture;

• C (see) Hopkins CaFe, Mighty-good Man, Cu (see your) Money, hope they are Closed or out of Business.^[41]

For remembering macronutrients;

• C. HOPKiN'S Ca Mg (C. Hopkins coffee mug).

C H O N P K Ca Mg S {CHO "N"ever "P"unch "K"ittens they'll "Ca"ll aunt "Mag" and then you are "S"crewed.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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