MySQL Front 3.1 build 14.14 serial key or number
MySQL Front 3.1 build 14.14 serial key or number
MySQL Connector/J Developer Guide
This section of the manual contains reference material for MySQL Connector/J.
Driver/Datasource Class Names, URL Syntax and Configuration Properties for Connector/J
The name of the class that implements in MySQL Connector/J is . The class name is also usable for backward compatibility with cromwellpsi.com, the predecessor of Connector/J. Use this class name when registering the driver, or when otherwise configuring software to use MySQL Connector/J.
JDBC URL Format
The JDBC URL format for MySQL Connector/J is as follows, with items in square brackets ([, ]) being optional:
jdbc:mysql://[][,][:]/[] » [?][=][&][=]If the host name is not specified, it defaults to . If the port is not specified, it defaults to , the default port number for MySQL servers.
jdbc:mysql://[:],[:]/[] » [?][=][&][=]Here is a sample connection URL:
jdbc:mysql://localhost/sakila?profileSQL=trueIPv6 Connections
For IPv6 connections, use this alternative syntax to specify hosts in the URL, . Supported keys are:
, or for named pipes on Windows.
for named pipes.
for TCP connections.
for TCP connections.
For example:
jdbc:mysql://address=(protocol=tcp)(host=localhost)(port=)(user=test)/dbAny other parameters are treated as host-specific properties that follow the conventions of the JDBC URL properties. This now allows per-host overrides of any configuration property for multi-host connections (that is, when using failover, load balancing, or replication). Limit the overrides to user, password, network timeouts and statement and metadata cache sizes; the results of other per-host overrides are not defined.
Initial Database for Connection
If the database is not specified, the connection is made with no default database. In this case, either call the method on the Connection instance, or fully specify table names using the database name (that is, ) in your SQL. Opening a connection without specifying the database to use is generally only useful when building tools that work with multiple databases, such as GUI database managers.
Always use the method to specify the desired database in JDBC applications, rather than the statement.
Failover Support
MySQL Connector/J has failover support. This enables the driver to fail over to any number of slave hosts and still perform read-only queries. Failover only happens when the connection is in an state, because failover cannot happen reliably when a transaction is in progress. Most application servers and connection pools set to at the end of every transaction/connection use.
The failover functionality has the following behavior:
If the URL property is : Failover only happens at connection initialization, and failback occurs when the driver determines that the first host has become available again.
If the URL property is : Failover happens when the driver determines that the connection has failed (checked before every query), and falls back to the first host when it determines that the host has become available again (after queries have been issued).
In either case, whenever you are connected to a “failed-over” server, the connection is set to read-only state, so queries that attempt to modify data will throw exceptions (the query will never be processed by the MySQL server).
Setting Configuration Properties
Configuration properties define how Connector/J will make a connection to a MySQL server. Unless otherwise noted, properties can be set for a object or for a object.
Configuration properties can be set in one of the following ways:
Using the methods on MySQL implementations of (which is the preferred method when using implementations of ):
As a key/value pair in the instance passed to or
As a JDBC URL parameter in the URL given to , or the MySQL implementations of the method.
If the mechanism you use to configure a JDBC URL is XML-based, use the XML character literal & to separate configuration parameters, as the ampersand is a reserved character for XML.
The properties are listed in the following tables.
Connection/Authentication.
| Property Name | Definition | Default Value | Since Version |
| user | The user to connect as | all versions | |
| password | The password to use when connecting | all versions | |
| socketFactory | The name of the class that the driver should use for creating socket connections to the server. This class must implement the interface 'cromwellpsi.comFactory' and have public no-args constructor. | cromwellpsi.comrdSocketFactory | |
| connectTimeout | Timeout for socket connect (in milliseconds), with 0 being no timeout. Only works on JDK or newer. Defaults to '0'. | 0 | |
| socketTimeout | Timeout on network socket operations (0, the default means no timeout). | 0 | |
| connectionLifecycleInterceptors | A comma-delimited list of classes that implement "cromwellpsi.comtionLifecycleInterceptor" that should notified of connection lifecycle events (creation, destruction, commit, rollback, setCatalog and setAutoCommit) and potentially alter the execution of these commands. ConnectionLifecycleInterceptors are "stackable", more than one interceptor may be specified via the configuration property as a comma-delimited list, with the interceptors executed in order from left to right. | ||
| useConfigs | Load the comma-delimited list of configuration properties before parsing the URL or applying user-specified properties. These configurations are explained in the 'Configurations' of the documentation. | ||
| authenticationPlugins | Comma-delimited list of classes that implement cromwellpsi.comticationPlugin and which will be used for authentication unless disabled by "disabledAuthenticationPlugins" property. | ||
| defaultAuthenticationPlugin | Name of a class implementing cromwellpsi.comticationPlugin which will be used as the default authentication plugin (see below). It is an error to use a class which is not listed in "authenticationPlugins" nor it is one of the built-in plugins. It is an error to set as default a plugin which was disabled with "disabledAuthenticationPlugins" property. It is an error to set this value to null or the empty string (i.e. there must be at least a valid default authentication plugin specified for the connection, meeting all constraints listed above). | cromwellpsi.comativePasswordPlugin | |
| disabledAuthenticationPlugins | Comma-delimited list of classes implementing cromwellpsi.comticationPlugin or mechanisms, i.e. "mysql_native_password". The authentication plugins or mechanisms listed will not be used for authentication which will fail if it requires one of them. It is an error to disable the default authentication plugin (either the one named by "defaultAuthenticationPlugin" property or the hard-coded one if "defaultAuthenticationPlugin" property is not set). | ||
| disconnectOnExpiredPasswords | If "disconnectOnExpiredPasswords" is set to "false" and password is expired then server enters "sandbox" mode and sends ERR(, ER_MUST_CHANGE_PASSWORD) for all commands that are not needed to set a new password until a new password is set. | true | |
| interactiveClient | Set the CLIENT_INTERACTIVE flag, which tells MySQL to timeout connections based on INTERACTIVE_TIMEOUT instead of WAIT_TIMEOUT | false | |
| localSocketAddress | Hostname or IP address given to explicitly configure the interface that the driver will bind the client side of the TCP/IP connection to when connecting. | ||
| propertiesTransform | An implementation of cromwellpsi.comtionPropertiesTransform that the driver will use to modify URL properties passed to the driver before attempting a connection | ||
| useCompression | Use zlib compression when communicating with the server (true/false)? Defaults to 'false'. | false |
Networking.
| Property Name | Definition | Default Value | Since Version |
| maxAllowedPacket | Maximum allowed packet size to send to server. If not set, the value of system variable 'max_allowed_packet' will be used to initialize this upon connecting. This value will not take effect if set larger than the value of 'max_allowed_packet'. Also, due to an internal dependency with the property "blobSendChunkSize", this setting has a minimum value of "" if "useServerPrepStmts" is set to "true". | -1 | |
| tcpKeepAlive | If connecting using TCP/IP, should the driver set SO_KEEPALIVE? | true | |
| tcpNoDelay | If connecting using TCP/IP, should the driver set SO_TCP_NODELAY (disabling the Nagle Algorithm)? | true | |
| tcpRcvBuf | If connecting using TCP/IP, should the driver set SO_RCV_BUF to the given value? The default value of '0', means use the platform default value for this property) | 0 | |
| tcpSndBuf | If connecting using TCP/IP, should the driver set SO_SND_BUF to the given value? The default value of '0', means use the platform default value for this property) | 0 | |
| tcpTrafficClass | If connecting using TCP/IP, should the driver set traffic class or type-of-service fields ?See the documentation for cromwellpsi.comfficClass() for more information. | 0 |
High Availability and Clustering.
| Property Name | Definition | Default Value | Since Version |
| autoReconnect | Should the driver try to re-establish stale and/or dead connections? If enabled the driver will throw an exception for a queries issued on a stale or dead connection, which belong to the current transaction, but will attempt reconnect before the next query issued on the connection in a new transaction. The use of this feature is not recommended, because it has side effects related to session state and data consistency when applications don't handle SQLExceptions properly, and is only designed to be used when you are unable to configure your application to handle SQLExceptions resulting from dead and stale connections properly. Alternatively, as a last option, investigate setting the MySQL server variable "wait_timeout" to a high value, rather than the default of 8 hours. | false | |
| autoReconnectForPools | Use a reconnection strategy appropriate for connection pools (defaults to 'false') | false | |
| failOverReadOnly | When failing over in autoReconnect mode, should the connection be set to 'read-only'? | true | |
| maxReconnects | Maximum number of reconnects to attempt if autoReconnect is true, default is '3'. | 3 | |
| reconnectAtTxEnd | If autoReconnect is set to true, should the driver attempt reconnections at the end of every transaction? | false | |
| retriesAllDown | When using loadbalancing, the number of times the driver should cycle through available hosts, attempting to connect. Between cycles, the driver will pause for ms if no servers are available. | ||
| initialTimeout | If autoReconnect is enabled, the initial time to wait between re-connect attempts (in seconds, defaults to '2'). | 2 | |
| roundRobinLoadBalance | When autoReconnect is enabled, and failoverReadonly is false, should we pick hosts to connect to on a round-robin basis? | false | |
| queriesBeforeRetryMaster | Number of queries to issue before falling back to master when failed over (when using multi-host failover). Whichever condition is met first, 'queriesBeforeRetryMaster' or 'secondsBeforeRetryMaster' will cause an attempt to be made to reconnect to the master. Defaults to | 50 | |
| secondsBeforeRetryMaster | How long should the driver wait, when failed over, before attempting | 30 | |
| allowMasterDownConnections | Should replication-aware driver establish connections to slaves when connection to master servers cannot be established at initial connection? Defaults to 'false', which will cause SQLException when configured master hosts are all unavailable when establishing a new replication-aware Connection. | false | |
| replicationEnableJMX | Enables JMX-based management of load-balanced connection groups, including live addition/removal of hosts from load-balancing pool. | false | |
| selfDestructOnPingMaxOperations | =If set to a non-zero value, the driver will report close the connection and report failure when cromwellpsi.com() or cromwellpsi.comd(int) is called if the connection's count of commands sent to the server exceeds this value. | 0 | |
| selfDestructOnPingSecondsLifetime | If set to a non-zero value, the driver will report close the connection and report failure when cromwellpsi.com() or cromwellpsi.comd(int) is called if the connection's lifetime exceeds this value. | 0 | |
| resourceId | A globally unique name that identifies the resource that this datasource or connection is connected to, used for cromwellpsi.comRM() when the driver can't determine this value based on hostnames used in the URL |
Security.
| Property Name | Definition | Default Value | Since Version |
| allowMultiQueries | Allow the use of ';' to delimit multiple queries during one statement (true/false), defaults to 'false', and does not affect the addBatch() and executeBatch() methods, which instead rely on rewriteBatchStatements. | false | |
| useSSL | Use SSL when communicating with the server (true/false), defaults to 'false' | false | |
| requireSSL | Require SSL connection if useSSL=true? (defaults to 'false'). | false | |
| verifyServerCertificate | If "useSSL" is set to "true", should the driver verify the server's certificate? When using this feature, the keystore parameters should be specified by the "clientCertificateKeyStore*" properties, rather than system properties. | true | |
| clientCertificateKeyStoreUrl | URL to the client certificate KeyStore (if not specified, use defaults) | ||
| clientCertificateKeyStoreType | KeyStore type for client certificates (NULL or empty means use the default, which is "JKS". Standard keystore types supported by the JVM are "JKS" and "PKCS12", your environment may have more available depending on what security products are installed and available to the JVM. | JKS | |
| clientCertificateKeyStorePassword | Password for the client certificates KeyStore | ||
| trustCertificateKeyStoreUrl | URL to the trusted root certificate KeyStore (if not specified, use defaults) | ||
| trustCertificateKeyStoreType | KeyStore type for trusted root certificates (NULL or empty means use the default, which is "JKS". Standard keystore types supported by the JVM are "JKS" and "PKCS12", your environment may have more available depending on what security products are installed and available to the JVM. | JKS | |
| trustCertificateKeyStorePassword | Password for the trusted root certificates KeyStore | ||
| allowLoadLocalInfile | Should the driver allow use of 'LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE' (defaults to 'true'). | true | |
| allowUrlInLocalInfile | Should the driver allow URLs in 'LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE' statements? | false | |
| paranoid | Take measures to prevent exposure sensitive information in error messages and clear data structures holding sensitive data when possible? (defaults to 'false') | false | |
| passwordCharacterEncoding | What character encoding is used for passwords? Leaving this set to the default value (null), uses the platform character set, which works for ISO_1 (i.e. "latin1") passwords. For passwords in other character encodings, the encoding will have to be specified with this property, as it's not possible for the driver to auto-detect this. |
Performance Extensions.
| Property Name | Definition | Default Value | Since Version |
| callableStmtCacheSize | If 'cacheCallableStmts' is enabled, how many callable statements should be cached? | ||
| metadataCacheSize | The number of queries to cache ResultSetMetadata for if cacheResultSetMetaData is set to 'true' (default 50) | 50 | |
| useLocalSessionState | Should the driver refer to the internal values of autocommit and transaction isolation that are set by cromwellpsi.comoCommit() and cromwellpsi.comnsactionIsolation() and transaction state as maintained by the protocol, rather than querying the database or blindly sending commands to the database for commit() or rollback() method calls? | false | |
| useLocalTransactionState | Should the driver use the in-transaction state provided by the MySQL protocol to determine if a commit() or rollback() should actually be sent to the database? | false | |
| prepStmtCacheSize | If prepared statement caching is enabled, how many prepared statements should be cached? | 25 | |
| prepStmtCacheSqlLimit | If prepared statement caching is enabled, what's the largest SQL the driver will cache the parsing for? | ||
| parseInfoCacheFactory | Name of a class implementing cromwellpsi.comdapterFactory, which will be used to create caches for the parsed representation of client-side prepared statements. | cromwellpsi.comnectionLRUFactory | |
| serverConfigCacheFactory | Name of a class implementing cromwellpsi.comdapterFactory<String, Map<String, String>>, which will be used to create caches for MySQL server configuration values | cromwellpsi.comerverConfigCacheFactory | |
| alwaysSendSetIsolation | Should the driver always communicate with the database when cromwellpsi.comnsactionIsolation() is called? If set to false, the driver will only communicate with the database when the requested transaction isolation is different than the whichever is newer, the last value that was set via cromwellpsi.comnsactionIsolation(), or the value that was read from the server when the connection was established. Note that useLocalSessionState=true will force the same behavior as alwaysSendSetIsolation=false, regardless of how alwaysSendSetIsolation is set. | true | |
| maintainTimeStats | Should the driver maintain various internal timers to enable idle time calculations as well as more verbose error messages when the connection to the server fails? Setting this property to false removes at least two calls to cromwellpsi.comrentTimeMillis() per query. | true | |
| useCursorFetch | If connected to MySQL > , and setFetchSize() > 0 on a statement, should that statement use cursor-based fetching to retrieve rows? | false | |
| blobSendChunkSize | Chunk size to use when sending BLOB/CLOBs via ServerPreparedStatements. Note that this value cannot exceed the value of "maxAllowedPacket" and, if that is the case, then this value will be corrected automatically. | ||
| cacheCallableStmts | Should the driver cache the parsing stage of CallableStatements | false | |
| cachePrepStmts | Should the driver cache the parsing stage of PreparedStatements of client-side prepared statements, the "check" for suitability of server-side prepared and server-side prepared statements themselves? | false | |
| cacheResultSetMetadata | Should the driver cache ResultSetMetaData for Statements and PreparedStatements? (Req. JDK+, true/false, default 'false') | false | |
| cacheServerConfiguration | Should the driver cache the results of 'SHOW VARIABLES' and 'SHOW COLLATION' on a per-URL basis? | false | |
| defaultFetchSize | The driver will call setFetchSize(n) with this value on all newly-created Statements | 0 | |
| dontTrackOpenResources | The JDBC specification requires the driver to automatically track and close resources, however if your application doesn't do a good job of explicitly calling close() on statements or result sets, this can cause memory leakage. Setting this property to true relaxes this constraint, and can be more memory efficient for some applications. Also the automatic closing of the Statement and current ResultSet in cromwellpsi.comnCompletion() and cromwellpsi.comeResults ([cromwellpsi.com_CURRENT_RESULT | cromwellpsi.com_ALL_RESULTS]), respectively, ceases to happen. This property automatically sets holdResultsOpenOverStatementClose=true. | false | |
| dynamicCalendars | Should the driver retrieve the default calendar when required, or cache it per connection/session? | false | |
| elideSetAutoCommits | If using MySQL or newer, should the driver only issue 'set autocommit=n' queries when the server's state doesn't match the requested state by cromwellpsi.comoCommit(boolean)? | false | |
| enableQueryTimeouts | When enabled, query timeouts set via cromwellpsi.comryTimeout() use a shared cromwellpsi.com instance for scheduling. Even if the timeout doesn't expire before the query is processed, there will be memory used by the TimerTask for the given timeout which won't be reclaimed until the time the timeout would have expired if it hadn't been cancelled by the driver. High-load environments might want to consider disabling this functionality. | true | |
| holdResultsOpenOverStatementClose | Should the driver close result sets on cromwellpsi.com() as required by the JDBC specification? | false | |
| largeRowSizeThreshold | What size result set row should the JDBC driver consider "large", and thus use a more memory-efficient way of representing the row internally? | ||
| loadBalanceStrategy | If using a load-balanced connection to connect to SQL nodes in a MySQL Cluster/NDB configuration (by using the URL prefix "jdbc:mysql:loadbalance://"), which load balancing algorithm should the driver use: (1) "random" - the driver will pick a random host for each request. This tends to work better than round-robin, as the randomness will somewhat account for spreading loads where requests vary in response time, while round-robin can sometimes lead to overloaded nodes if there are variations in response times across the workload. (2) "bestResponseTime" - the driver will route the request to the host that had the best response time for the previous transaction. | random | |
| locatorFetchBufferSize | If 'emulateLocators' is configured to 'true', what size buffer should be used when fetching BLOB data for getBinaryInputStream? | ||
| rewriteBatchedStatements | Should the driver use multiqueries (irregardless of the setting of "allowMultiQueries") as well as rewriting of prepared statements for INSERT into multi-value inserts when executeBatch() is called? Notice that this has the potential for SQL injection if using plain cromwellpsi.coments and your code doesn't sanitize input correctly. Notice that for prepared statements, server-side prepared statements can not currently take advantage of this rewrite option, and that if you don't specify stream lengths when using cromwellpsi.com*Stream(), the driver won't be able to determine the optimum number of parameters per batch and you might receive an error from the driver that the resultant packet is too large. cromwellpsi.comeratedKeys() for these rewritten statements only works when the entire batch includes INSERT statements. Please be aware using rewriteBatchedStatements=true with INSERT .. ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE that for rewritten statement server returns only one value as sum of all affected (or found) rows in batch and it isn't possible to map it correctly to initial statements; in this case driver returns the total result as a result of each batch statement, i.e. the only unambiguous result is 0. | false | |
| useDirectRowUnpack | Use newer result set row unpacking code that skips a copy from network buffers to a MySQL packet instance and instead reads directly into the result set row data buffers. | true | |
MySQL
MySQL (/ˌmaɪˌɛsˌkjuːˈɛl/ "My S-Q-L")[5] is an open-sourcerelational database management system (RDBMS).[5][6] Its name is a combination of "My", the name of co-founder Michael Widenius's daughter,[7] and "SQL", the abbreviation for Structured Query Language. A relational database organizes data into one or more data tables in which data types may be related to each other; these relations help structure the data. SQL is a language programmers use to create, modify and extract data from the relational database, as well as control user access to the database. In addition to relational databases and SQL, an RDBMS like MySQL works with an operating system to implement a relational database in a computer's storage system, manages users, allows for network access and facilitates testing database integrity and creation of backups.
MySQL is free and open-source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License, and is also available under a variety of proprietary licenses. MySQL was owned and sponsored by the Swedish company MySQL AB, which was bought by Sun Microsystems (now Oracle Corporation).[8] In , when Oracle acquired Sun, Widenius forked the open-source MySQL project to create MariaDB.[9]
MySQL has stand-alone clients that allow users to interact directly with a MySQL database using SQL, but more often MySQL is used with other programs to implement applications that need relational database capability. MySQL is a component of the LAMPweb applicationsoftware stack (and others), which is an acronym for Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/PHP/Python. MySQL is used by many database-driven web applications, including Drupal, Joomla, phpBB, and WordPress. MySQL is also used by many popular websites, including Facebook,[10][11]Flickr,[12]MediaWiki,[13]Twitter,[14] and YouTube.[15]
Overview[edit]
MySQL is written in C and C++. Its SQL parser is written in yacc, but it uses a home-brewed lexical analyzer.[16] MySQL works on many system platforms, including AIX, BSDi, FreeBSD, HP-UX, ArcaOS, eComStation, i5/OS, IRIX, Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, NetBSD, Novell NetWare, OpenBSD, OpenSolaris, OS/2 Warp, QNX, Oracle Solaris, Symbian, SunOS, SCO OpenServer, SCO UnixWare, Sanos and Tru A port of MySQL to OpenVMS also exists.[17]
The MySQL server software itself and the client libraries use dual-licensing distribution. They are offered under GPL version 2, or a proprietary license.[18]
Support can be obtained from the official manual.[19] Free support additionally is available in different IRC channels and forums. Oracle offers paid support via its MySQL Enterprise products. They differ in the scope of services and in price. Additionally, a number of third party organisations exist to provide support and services.
MySQL has received positive reviews, and reviewers noticed it "performs extremely well in the average case" and that the "developer interfaces are there, and the documentation (not to mention feedback in the real world via Web sites and the like) is very, very good".[20] It has also been tested to be a "fast, stable and true multi-user, multi-threaded SQL database server".[21]
History[edit]
MySQL was created by a Swedish company, MySQL AB, founded by David Axmark, Allan Larsson and Michael "Monty" Widenius. Original development of MySQL by Widenius and Axmark began in [22] The first version of MySQL appeared on 23 May It was initially created for personal usage from mSQL based on the low-level language ISAM, which the creators considered too slow and inflexible. They created a new SQL interface, while keeping the same API as mSQL. By keeping the API consistent with the mSQL system, many developers were able to use MySQL instead of the (proprietarily licensed) mSQL antecedent.[citation needed][dubious &#; discuss]
Milestones[edit]
Additional milestones in MySQL development included:
- First internal release on 23 May
- Version End of , from cromwellpsi.com
- Version January
- Windows version was released on 8 January for Windows 95 and NT
- Version production release , from cromwellpsi.com
- Version alpha, beta from
- Version beta from June , production release 22 January [23]
- Version beta from August , production release March (unions).
- Version beta from June , production release October (R-trees and B-trees, subqueries, prepared statements).
- Version beta from March , production release October (cursors, stored procedures, triggers, views, XA transactions).
- The developer of the Federated Storage Engine states that "The Federated Storage Engine is a proof-of-concept storage engine",[24] but the main distributions of MySQL version included it and turned it on by default. Documentation of some of the short-comings appears in "MySQL Federated Tables: The Missing Manual".[25]
- Version contained 20 known crashing and wrong result bugs in addition to the 35 present in version (almost all fixed as of release ).[27]
- MySQL and alpha showed poor performance when used for data warehousing&#;&#; partly due to its inability to utilize multiple CPU cores for processing a single query.[28]
- MySQL Server was generally available (as of December&#;[update]). Enhancements and features include:
- The default storage engine is InnoDB, which supports transactions and referential integrity constraints.
- Improved InnoDB I/O subsystem[33]
- Improved SMP support[34]
- Semisynchronous replication.
- SIGNAL and RESIGNAL statement in compliance with the SQL standard.
- Support for supplementary Unicode character sets utf16, utf32, and utf8mb4[a].
- New options for user-defined partitioning.
- MySQL Server alpha was announced[35] on 22 May as the last release of the line. Future MySQL Server development uses a New Release Model. Features developed for are being incorporated into future releases.
- The general availability of MySQL&#; was announced in February [36] New features included performance improvements to the query optimizer, higher transactional throughput in InnoDB, new NoSQL-style memcached APIs, improvements to partitioning for querying and managing very large tables, TIMESTAMP column type that correctly stores milliseconds, improvements to replication, and better performance monitoring by expanding the data available through the PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA.[37] The InnoDB storage engine also included support for full-text search and improved group commit performance.
- The general availability of MySQL&#; was announced in October [38] As of MySQL , August ,[39] MySQL supports a native JSON data type defined by RFC [40]
- MySQL Server was announced in April ,[41] including NoSQL Document Store, atomic and crash safe DDL sentences and JSON Extended syntax, new functions, such as JSON table functions, improved sorting, and partial updates. Previous MySQL Server dmr (Milestone Release) was announced 12 September [42]
- MySQL was declared DBMS of the year from the DB-Engines ranking[43]
Release history[edit]
| Release | General availability | Latest minor version | Latest release | End of support[44] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Old version, no longer maintained: | 14&#;November ; 11&#;years ago&#;()[45] | [46] | Dec | |
| Old version, no longer maintained: | 3&#;December ; 9&#;years ago&#;()[47] | [48] | Dec | |
| Older version, yet still maintained: | 5&#;February ; 7&#;years ago&#;()[49] | [50] | Feb | |
| Older version, yet still maintained: | 21&#;October ; 4&#;years ago&#;()[51] | [52] | Oct | |
| Current stable version: | 19&#;April ; 2&#;years ago&#;()[53] | [54] | Apr |
Work on version 6 stopped after the Sun Microsystems acquisition. The MySQL Cluster product uses version 7. The decision was made to jump to version 8 as the next major version number.[55]
Legal disputes and acquisitions[edit]
On 15 June , NuSphere sued MySQL AB, TcX DataKonsult AB and its original authors Michael ("Monty") Widenius and David Axmark in U.S District Court in Boston for "breach of contract, tortious interference with third party contracts and relationships and unfair competition".[56][57]
In , MySQL AB sued Progress NuSphere for copyright and trademark infringement in United States district court. NuSphere had allegedly violated MySQL AB's copyright by linking MySQL's GPL'ed code with NuSphere Gemini table without being in compliance with the license.[58] After a preliminary hearing before Judge Patti Saris on 27 February , the parties entered settlement talks and eventually settled.[59] After the hearing, FSF commented that "Judge Saris made clear that she sees the GNU GPL to be an enforceable and binding license."[60]
In October , Oracle Corporation acquired Innobase OY, the Finnish company that developed the third-party InnoDB storage engine that allows MySQL to provide such functionality as transactions and foreign keys. After the acquisition, an Oracle press release mentioned that the contracts that make the company's software available to MySQL AB would be due for renewal (and presumably renegotiation) some time in [61] During the MySQL Users Conference in April , MySQL AB issued a press release that confirmed that MySQL AB and Innobase OY agreed to a "multi-year" extension of their licensing agreement.[62]
In February , Oracle Corporation acquired Sleepycat Software,[63] makers of the Berkeley DB, a database engine providing the basis for another MySQL storage engine. This had little effect, as Berkeley DB was not widely used, and was dropped (due to lack of use) in MySQL , a pre-GA release of MySQL released in October [64]
In January , Sun Microsystems bought MySQL AB for $1 billion.[65]
In April , Oracle Corporation entered into an agreement to purchase Sun Microsystems,[66] then owners of MySQL copyright and trademark. Sun's board of directors unanimously approved the deal. It was also approved by Sun's shareholders, and by the U.S. government on 20 August [67] On 14 December , Oracle pledged to continue to enhance MySQL[68] as it had done for the previous four years.
A movement against Oracle's acquisition of MySQL AB, to "Save MySQL"[69] from Oracle was started by one of the MySQL AB founders, Monty Widenius. The petition of 50,+ developers and users called upon the European Commission to block approval of the acquisition. At the same time, some Free Software opinion leaders (including Pamela Jones of Groklaw, Jan Wildeboer and Carlo Piana, who also acted as co-counsel in the merger regulation procedure) advocated for the unconditional approval of the merger.[70][71][72] As part of the negotiations with the European Commission, Oracle committed that MySQL server will continue until at least to use the dual-licensing strategy long used by MySQL AB, with proprietary and GPL versions available. The antitrust of the EU had been "pressuring it to divest MySQL as a condition for approval of the merger". But, as revealed by WikiLeaks, the US Department of Justice, at the request of Oracle, pressured the EU to approve the merger unconditionally.[73] The European Commission eventually unconditionally approved Oracle's acquisition of MySQL AB on 21 January [74]
In January , before Oracle's acquisition of MySQL AB, Monty Widenius started a GPL-only fork, MariaDB. MariaDB is based on the same code base as MySQL server and aims to maintain compatibility with Oracle-provided versions.[75]
Features[edit]
MySQL is offered under two different editions: the open source MySQL Community Server[76] and the proprietary Enterprise Server.[77] MySQL Enterprise Server is differentiated by a series of proprietary extensions which install as server plugins, but otherwise shares the version numbering system and is built from the same code base.
Major features as available in MySQL
- A broad subset of ANSI SQL 99, as well as extensions
- Cross-platform support
- Stored procedures, using a procedural language that closely adheres to SQL/PSM[78]
- Triggers
- Cursors
- Updatable views
- Online Data Definition Language (DDL) when using the InnoDB Storage Engine.
- Information schema
- Performance Schema that collects and aggregates statistics about server execution and query performance for monitoring purposes.[79]
- A set of SQL Mode options to control runtime behavior, including a strict mode to better adhere to SQL standards.
- X/Open XAdistributed transaction processing (DTP) support; two phase commit as part of this, using the default InnoDB storage engine
- Transactions with savepoints when using the default InnoDB Storage Engine. The NDB Cluster Storage Engine also supports transactions.
- ACID compliance when using InnoDB and NDB Cluster Storage Engines[80]
- SSL support
- Query caching
- Sub-SELECTs (i.e. nested SELECTs)
- Built-in replication support
- Full-text indexing and searching[b]
- Embedded database library
- Unicode support[a]
- Partitioned tables with pruning of partitions in optimizer
- Shared-nothing clustering through MySQL Cluster
- Multiple storage engines, allowing one to choose the one that is most effective for each table in the application.[c]
- Native storage engines InnoDB, MyISAM, Merge, Memory (heap), Federated, Archive, CSV, Blackhole, NDB Cluster.
- Commit grouping, gathering multiple transactions from multiple connections together to increase the number of commits per second.
The developers release minor updates of the MySQL Server approximately every two months. The sources can be obtained from MySQL's website or from MySQL's GitHub repository, both under the GPL license.
Limitations[edit]
When using some storage engines other than the default of InnoDB, MySQL does not comply with the full SQL standard for some of the implemented functionality, including foreign key references.[89] Check constraints are parsed but ignored by all storage engines before MySQL version [90][91]
Up until MySQL , triggers are limited to one per action / timing, meaning that at most one trigger can be defined to be executed after an INSERT operation, and one before INSERT on the same table.[92] No triggers can be defined on views.[92]
MySQL database's inbuilt functions like UNIX_TIMESTAMP() will return 0 after UTC on 19 January [93] Recently, there had been an attempt to solve the problem which had been assigned to the internal queue.[94]
Deployment[edit]
MySQL can be built and installed manually from source code, but it is more commonly installed from a binary package unless special customizations are required. On most Linux distributions, the package management system can download and install MySQL with minimal effort, though further configuration is often required to adjust security and optimization settings.
Though MySQL began as a low-end alternative to more powerful proprietary databases, it has gradually evolved to support higher-scale needs as well. It is still most commonly used in small to medium scale single-server deployments, either as a component in a LAMP-based web application or as a standalone database server. Much of MySQL's appeal originates in its relative simplicity and ease of use, which is enabled by an ecosystem of open source tools such as phpMyAdmin. In the medium range, MySQL can be scaled by deploying it on more powerful hardware, such as a multi-processor server with gigabytes of memory.
There are, however, limits to how far performance can scale on a single server ('scaling up'), so on larger scales, multi-server MySQL ('scaling out') deployments are required to provide improved performance and reliability. A typical high-end configuration can include a powerful master database which handles data write operations and is replicated to multiple slaves that handle all read operations.[95] The master server continually pushes binlog events to connected slaves so in the event of failure a slave can be promoted to become the new master, minimizing downtime. Further improvements in performance can be achieved by caching the results from database queries in memory using memcached, or breaking down a database into smaller chunks called shards which can be spread across a number of distributed server clusters.[96]
High availability software[edit]
Oracle MySQL offers a high availability solution with a mix of tools including the MySQL router and the MySQL shell. They are based on Group Replication, open source tools.[97]
MariaDB offers a similar offer in terms of products [98]
Cloud deployment[edit]
MySQL can also be run on cloud computing platforms such as Microsoft Azure, Amazon EC2, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure. Some common deployment models for MySQL on the cloud are:
- Virtual machine image
- In this implementation, cloud users can upload a machine image of their own with MySQL installed, or use a ready-made machine image with an optimized installation of MySQL on it, such as the one provided by Amazon EC2.[99]
- MySQL as a service
- Some cloud platforms offer MySQL "as a service". In this configuration, application owners do not have to install and maintain the MySQL database on their own. Instead, the database service provider takes responsibility for installing and maintaining the database, and application owners pay according to their usage.[] Notable cloud-based MySQL services are the Amazon Relational Database Service; Oracle MySQL Cloud Service, Azure Database for MySQL, Rackspace; HP Converged Cloud; Heroku and Jelastic. In this model the database service provider takes responsibility for maintaining the host and database.
User interfaces[edit]
Graphical user interfaces[edit]
A graphical user interface (GUI) is a type of interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices or programs through graphical icons and visual indicators such as secondary notation, as opposed to text-based interfaces, typed command labels or text navigation.
Third-party proprietary and free graphical administration applications (or "front ends") are available that integrate with MySQL and enable users to work with database structure and data visually.
MySQL Workbench[edit]
MySQL Workbench is the integrated environment for MySQL. It was developed by MySQL AB, and enables users to graphically administer MySQL databases and visually design database structures.
MySQL Workbench is available in two editions, the regular free and open sourceCommunity Edition which may be downloaded from the MySQL website, and the proprietary Standard Edition which extends and improves the feature set of the Community Edition.[citation needed]
Other GUI tools[edit]
Command-line interfaces[edit]
A command-line interface is a means of interacting with a computer program where the user issues commands to the program by typing in successive lines of text (command lines). MySQL ships with many command line tools, from which the main interface is the mysql client.[][]
MySQL Utilities is a set of utilities designed to perform common maintenance and administrative tasks. Originally included as part of the MySQL Workbench, the utilities are a stand-alone download available from Oracle.
Percona Toolkit is a cross-platform toolkit for MySQL, developed in Perl.[] Percona Toolkit can be used to prove replication is working correctly, fix corrupted data, automate repetitive tasks, and speed up servers. Percona Toolkit is included with several Linux distributions such as CentOS and Debian, and packages are available for Fedora and Ubuntu as well. Percona Toolkit was originally developed as Maatkit, but as of late , Maatkit is no longer developed.
MySQL shell is a tool for interactive use and administration of the MySQL database. It supports JavaScript, Python or SQL modes and it can be used for administration and access purposes. []
Application programming interfaces[edit]
Many programming languages with language-specific APIs include libraries for accessing MySQL databases. These include MySQL Connector/Net for .NET/CLI Languages,[] and the JDBC driver for Java.[]
In addition, an ODBC interface called MySQL Connector/ODBC allows additional programming languages that support the ODBC interface to communicate with a MySQL database, such as ASP or ColdFusion. The HTSQL&#;&#; URL-based query method also ships with a MySQL adapter, allowing direct interaction between a MySQL database and any web client via structured URLs. Other drivers exists for languages like Python[] or cromwellpsi.com[].
Project forks[edit]
A variety of MySQL forks exist, including the following.
Current[edit]
- MariaDB
- MariaDB is a community-developed fork of the MySQL relational database management system intended to remain free under the GNU GPL. The fork has been led by the original developers of MySQL, who forked it due to concerns over its acquisition by Oracle.[32]
- Percona Server for MySQL
- Percona Server for MySQL, forked by Percona, aims to retain close compatibility to the official MySQL releases.[] Also included in Percona Server for MySQL is XtraDB, Percona's fork of the InnoDB Storage Engine.[]
Abandoned[edit]
- Drizzle
- Drizzle was a free software/open source relational database management system (DBMS) that was forked from the now-defunct development branch of the MySQL DBMS.[] Like MySQL, Drizzle had a client/server architecture and uses SQL as its primary command language. Drizzle was distributed under version 2 and 3 of the GNU General Public License (GPL) with portions, including the protocol drivers and replication messaging under the BSD license.
- WebScaleSQL
- WebScaleSQL was a software branch of MySQL , and was announced on 27 March by Facebook, Google, LinkedIn and Twitter as a joint effort to provide a centralized development structure for extending MySQL with new features specific to its large-scale deployments, such as building large replicated databases running on server farms. Thus, WebScaleSQL opened a path toward deduplicating the efforts each company had been putting into maintaining its own branch of MySQL, and toward bringing together more developers. By combining the efforts of these companies and incorporating various changes and new features into MySQL, WebScaleSQL aimed at supporting the deployment of MySQL in large-scale environments.[][] The project's source code is licensed under version 2 of the GNU General Public License, and is hosted on GitHub.[][]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ abPrior to MySQL , UTF-8 and UCS-2 encoded strings are limited to the BMP; MySQL and later use utf8mb4 for full Unicode support.
- ^Initially, it was a MyISAM-only feature; supported by InnoDB since the release of MySQL
- ^In MySQL , storage engines must be compiled in; since MySQL , storage engines can be dynamically loaded at run time.
References[edit]
- ^"MySQL Release Notes". cromwellpsi.com Retrieved 14 July
- ^"MySQL: Project Summary". Ohloh. Black Duck Software. Retrieved 17 September
- ^"Supported Platforms: MySQL Database". Oracle. Retrieved 24 March
- ^"Downloads". MySQL. Retrieved 3 August
- ^ ab"What is MySQL?". MySQL Reference Manual. Oracle Corporation. Retrieved 3 April
- ^"DB-Engines Ranking of Relational DBMS". DB-Engines. solidIT consulting & software development GmbH. Retrieved 3 April
- ^"History of MySQL". MySQL Reference Manual. Oracle Corporation. Retrieved 3 April
- ^"Sun Microsystems Announces Completion of MySQL Acquisition; Paves Way for Secure, Open Source Platform to Power the Network Economy" (Press release). Sun Microsystems. 26 February Archived from the original on 28 February Retrieved 17 September
- ^Pearce, Rohan (28 March ). "Dead database walking: MySQL's creator on why the future belongs to MariaDB". Computerworld. Retrieved 3 April
- ^Sobel, Jason (21 December ). "Keeping Up". The Facebook Blog. Facebook. Archived from the original on 18 June Retrieved 18 June
- ^Matsunobu, Yoshinori (31 August ). "MyRocks: A space- and write-optimized MySQL database". Facebook Engineering. Archived from the original on 7 March Retrieved 7 March
- ^Elliott-McCrea, Kellan (8 February ). "Using, Abusing and Scaling MySQL at Flickr". cromwellpsi.com. Retrieved 3 April
- ^"Manual:MySQL". cromwellpsi.com. MediaWiki, The Free Wiki Engine. Retrieved 3 April
- ^Hashemi, Mazdak (19 January ). "The Infrastructure Behind Twitter: Scale". cromwellpsi.com. Retrieved 3 April
- ^"MySQL Customer: YouTube". cromwellpsi.com. Oracle. Retrieved 17 September
- ^"MySQL Internals Manual". cromwellpsi.com 4 March Retrieved 8 June
- ^"MySQL for OpenVMS". cromwellpsi.com 30 March Retrieved 16 January
- ^"Commercial License for OEMs, ISVs and VARs". cromwellpsi.com. July Retrieved 3 April
- ^MySQL Support Manual, MySQL Developers
- ^Review of MySQL Server , cromwellpsi.com, November
- ^MySQL Server Review, cromwellpsi.com
- ^"Five Questions With Michael Widenius – Founder And Original Developer of MySQL". cromwellpsi.com Archived from the original on 13 March Retrieved 13 October
- ^"MySQL Declared Stable". Archived from the original on 15 August
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