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The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. Since Fleming's death in , eight other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelisations: Kingsley Amis, Christopher Wood, John Gardner, Raymond Benson, Sebastian Faulks, Jeffery Deaver, William Boyd and Anthony Horowitz. The latest novel is Forever and a Day by Anthony Horowitz, published in May Additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond, and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character, Moneypenny.

The character—also known by the code number —has also been adapted for television, radio, comic strip, video games and film. The films are the longest continually running film series of all time and have grossed over US$&#;billion in total, making it the sixth-highest-grossing film series to date, which started in with Dr. No, starring Sean Connery as Bond. As of , there have been twenty-four films in the Eon Productionsseries. The most recent Bond film, Spectre (), stars Daniel Craig in his fourth portrayal of Bond; he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series. There have also been two independent productions of Bond films: Casino Royale (a spoof starring David Niven) and Never Say Never Again (a remake of an earlier Eon-produced film, 's Thunderball, both starring Connery). In the series was estimated to be worth $&#;billion,^[1] making James Bond one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time.

The Bond films are renowned for a number of features, including the musical accompaniment, with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions, and two wins. Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bond's cars, his guns, and the gadgets with which he is supplied by Q Branch. The films are also noted for Bond's relationships with various women, who are sometimes referred to as "Bond girls".

Publication history

Creation and inspiration

Ian Fleming created the fictional character of James Bond as the central figure for his works. Bond is an intelligence officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond is known by his code number, , and was a Royal Naval ReserveCommander. Fleming based his fictional creation on a number of individuals he came across during his time in the Naval Intelligence Division and 30 Assault Unit during the Second World War, admitting that Bond "was a compound of all the secret agents and commando types I met during the war".^[2] Among those types were his brother, Peter, who had been involved in behind-the-lines operations in Norway and Greece during the war.^[3] Aside from Fleming's brother, a number of others also provided some aspects of Bond's make up, including Conrad O'Brien-ffrench, Patrick Dalzel-Job and Bill "Biffy" Dunderdale.^[2]

The name James Bond came from that of the American ornithologistJames Bond, a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive field guideBirds of the West Indies. Fleming, a keen birdwatcher himself, had a copy of Bond's guide and he later explained to the ornithologist's wife that "It struck me that this brief, unromantic, Anglo-Saxon and yet very masculine name was just what I needed, and so a second James Bond was born".^[4] He further explained that:

When I wrote the first one in , I wanted Bond to be an extremely dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened; I wanted him to be a blunt instrument&#; when I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, [James Bond] is the dullest name I ever heard.

On another occasion, Fleming said: "I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, 'James Bond' was much better than something more interesting, like 'Peregrine Carruthers'. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, blunt instrument wielded by a government department."^[6]

Fleming decided that Bond should resemble both American singer Hoagy Carmichael and himself^[7] and in Casino Royale, Vesper Lynd remarks, "Bond reminds me rather of Hoagy Carmichael, but there is something cold and ruthless." Likewise, in Moonraker, Special Branch Officer Gala Brand thinks that Bond is "certainly good-looking&#; Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way. That black hair falling down over the right eyebrow. Much the same bones. But there was something a bit cruel in the mouth, and the eyes were cold."^[7]

Fleming endowed Bond with many of his own traits, including sharing the same golf handicap, the taste for scrambled eggs and using the same brand of toiletries.^[8] Bond's tastes are also often taken from Fleming's own as was his behaviour,^[9] with Bond's love of golf and gambling mirroring Fleming's own. Fleming used his experiences of his espionage career and all other aspects of his life as inspiration when writing, including using names of school friends, acquaintances, relatives and lovers throughout his books.^[2]

It was not until the penultimate novel, You Only Live Twice, that Fleming gave Bond a sense of family background. The book was the first to be written after the release of Dr. No in cinemas and Sean Connery's depiction of Bond affected Fleming's interpretation of the character, to give Bond both a sense of humour and Scottish antecedents that were not present in the previous stories.^[10] In a fictional obituary, purportedly published in The Times, Bond's parents were given as Andrew Bond, from the village of Glencoe, Scotland, and Monique Delacroix, from the canton of Vaud, Switzerland.^[11] Fleming did not provide Bond's date of birth, but John Pearson's fictional biography of Bond, James Bond: The Authorized Biography of , gives Bond a birth date on 11 November ,^[12] while a study by John Griswold puts the date at 11 November ^[13]

Novels and related works

Ian Fleming novels

Whilst serving in the Naval Intelligence Division, Fleming had planned to become an author^[15] and had told a friend, "I am going to write the spy story to end all spy stories."^[2] On 17 February , he began writing his first James Bond novel, Casino Royale, at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica,^[16] where he wrote all his Bond novels during the months of January and February each year.^[17] He started the story shortly before his wedding to his pregnant girlfriend, Ann Charteris, in order to distract himself from his forthcoming nuptials.^[18]

After completing the manuscript for Casino Royale, Fleming showed it to his friend (and later editor) William Plomer to read. Plomer liked it and submitted it to the publishers, Jonathan Cape, who did not like it as much. Cape finally published it in on the recommendation of Fleming's older brother Peter, an established travel writer.^[17] Between and , two years after his death, twelve novels and two short-story collections were published, with the last two books – The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights – published posthumously.^[19] All the books were published in the UK through Jonathan Cape.

Post-Fleming novels

After Fleming's death a continuation novel, Colonel Sun, was written by Kingsley Amis (as Robert Markham) and published in ^[34] Amis had already written a literary study of Fleming's Bond novels in his work The James Bond Dossier.^[35] Although novelisations of two of the Eon Productions Bond films appeared in print, James Bond, The Spy Who Loved Me and James Bond and Moonraker, both written by screenwriter Christopher Wood,^[36] the series of novels did not continue until the s. In the thriller writer John Gardner picked up the series with Licence Renewed.^[37] Gardner went on to write sixteen Bond books in total; two of the books he wrote – Licence to Kill and GoldenEye – were novelisations of Eon Productions films of the same name. Gardner moved the Bond series into the s, although he retained the ages of the characters as they were when Fleming had left them.^[38] In Gardner retired from writing James Bond books due to ill health.^[39]

In the American author Raymond Benson became the author of the Bond novels. Benson had previously been the author of The James Bond Bedside Companion, first published in ^[54] By the time he moved on to other, non-Bond related projects in , Benson had written six Bond novels, three novelisations and three short stories.^[55]

After a gap of six years, Sebastian Faulks was commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications to write a new Bond novel, which was released on 28 May , the th anniversary of Fleming's birth.^[65] The book—titled Devil May Care—was published in the UK by Penguin Books and by Doubleday in the US.^[66] American writer Jeffery Deaver was then commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications to produce Carte Blanche, which was published on 26 May ^[67] The book updated Bond into a post-9/11 agent, independent of MI5 or MI6.^[68] On 26 September , Solo by William Boyd, set in , was published.^[69] In October , it was announced that Anthony Horowitz was to write a Bond continuation novel.^[70] Set in the s two weeks after the events of Goldfinger, it contains material written, but previously unreleased, by Fleming. Trigger Mortis was released on 8 September ^[71][72][73] Horowitz's second Bond novel, Forever and a Day, tells the origin story of Bond as a 00 agent prior to the events of Casino Royale. The novel, also based on unpublished material from Fleming, was released on 31 May ^[74][75]

Young Bond

The Young Bond series of novels was started by Charlie Higson^[76] and, between and , five novels and one short story were published.^[77] The first Young Bond novel, SilverFin was also adapted and released as a graphic novel on 2 October by Puffin Books.^[78] In October Ian Fleming Publications announced that Stephen Cole would continue the series, with the first edition scheduled to be released in Autumn ^[79]

The Moneypenny Diaries

The Moneypenny Diaries are a trilogy of novels chronicling the life of Miss Moneypenny, M's personal secretary. The novels are penned by Samantha Weinberg under the pseudonym Kate Westbrook, who is depicted as the book's "editor".^[87] The first instalment of the trilogy, subtitled Guardian Angel, was released on 10 October in the UK.^[88] A second volume, subtitled Secret Servant was released on 2 November in the UK, published by John Murray.^[89] A third volume, subtitled Final Fling was released on 1 May ^[90]

Adaptations

Television

In CBS paid Ian Fleming $1, ($9, in dollars^[94]) to adapt his novel Casino Royale into a one-hour television adventure as part of its Climax! series.^[95] The episode aired live on 21 October and starred Barry Nelson as "Card Sense" James Bond and Peter Lorre as Le Chiffre.^[96] The novel was adapted for American audiences to show Bond as an American agent working for "Combined Intelligence", while the character Felix Leiter—American in the novel—became British onscreen and was renamed "Clarence Leiter".^[97]

In a BBC documentary Omnibus: The British Hero featured Christopher Cazenove playing a number of such title characters (e.g. Richard Hannay and Bulldog Drummond). The documentary included James Bond in dramatised scenes from Goldfinger—notably featuring being threatened with the novel's circular saw, rather than the film's laser beam—and Diamonds Are Forever.^[98] In a kids's spin-off TV cartoon series, James Bond Jr., was produced with Corey Burton in the role of Bond's nephew, also called James Bond.^[99]

Radio

In , the novel Moonraker was adapted for broadcast on South African radio, with Bob Holness providing the voice of Bond.^[][] According to The Independent, "listeners across the Union thrilled to Bob's cultured tones as he defeated evil master criminals in search of world domination".^[]

The BBC have adapted five of the Fleming novels for broadcast: in You Only Live Twice was adapted into a minute radio play for BBC Radio 4 with Michael Jayston playing James Bond. The production was repeated a number of times between and ^[] On 24 May BBC Radio 4 broadcast an adaptation of Dr. No. The actor Toby Stephens, who played Bond villain Gustav Graves in the Eon Productions version of Die Another Day, played Bond, while Dr. No was played by David Suchet.^[] Following its success, a second story was adapted and on 3 April BBC Radio 4 broadcast Goldfinger with Stephens again playing Bond.^[]Sir Ian McKellen was Goldfinger and Stephens' Die Another Day co-star Rosamund Pike played Pussy Galore. The play was adapted from Fleming's novel by Archie Scottney and was directed by Martin Jarvis.^[] In the novel From Russia, with Love was dramatised for Radio 4; it featured a full cast again starring Stephens as Bond.^[] In May Stephens again played Bond, in On Her Majesty's Secret Service, with Alfred Molina as Blofeld, and Joanna Lumley as Irma Bunt.^[]

Comics

John McLusky's rendition of James Bond

In the Daily Express approached Ian Fleming to adapt his stories into comic strips, offering him £1, per novel and a share of takings from syndication.^[] After initial reluctance, Fleming, who felt the strips would lack the quality of his writing, agreed.^[] To aid the Daily Express in illustrating Bond, Fleming commissioned an artist to create a sketch of how he believed James Bond looked. The illustrator, John McLusky, however, felt that Fleming's looked too "outdated" and "pre-war" and changed Bond to give him a more masculine look.^[] The first strip, Casino Royale was published from 7 July to 13 December ^[] and was written by Anthony Hern and illustrated by John McLusky.^[]

Most of the Bond novels and short stories have since been adapted for illustration, as well as Kingsley Amis's Colonel Sun; the works were written by Henry Gammidge or Jim Lawrence with Yaroslav Horak replacing McClusky as artist in ^[] After the Fleming and Amis material had been adapted, original stories were produced, continuing in the Daily Express and Sunday Express until May ^[]

Several comic book adaptations of the James Bond films have been published through the years: at the time of Dr. No's release in October , a comic book adaptation of the screenplay, written by Norman J. Nodel, was published in Britain as part of the Classics Illustrated anthology series.^[] It was later reprinted in the United States by DC Comics as part of its Showcase anthology series, in January This was the first American comic book appearance of James Bond and is noteworthy for being a relatively rare example of a British comic being reprinted in a fairly high-profile American comic. It was also one of the earliest comics to be censored on racial grounds (some skin tones and dialogue were changed for the American market).^[][]

With the release of the film For Your Eyes Only, Marvel Comics published a two-issue comic book adaptation of the film.^[][] When Octopussy was released in the cinemas in , Marvel published an accompanying comic;^[] Eclipse also produced a one-off comic for Licence to Kill, although Timothy Dalton refused to allow his likeness to be used.^[] New Bond stories were also drawn up and published from onwards through Marvel, Eclipse Comics, Dark Horse Comics and Dynamite Entertainment.^[][][]

Films

Eon Productions films

Eon Productions, the company of Canadian Harry Saltzman and American Albert R. "Cubby" Broccoli, released the first cinema adaptation of an Ian Fleming novel, Dr. No (), based on the eponymous novel and featuring Sean Connery as ^[] Connery starred in a further four films before leaving the role after You Only Live Twice (),^[] which was taken up by George Lazenby for On Her Majesty's Secret Service ().^[] Lazenby left the role after just one appearance and Connery was brought back for his last Eon-produced film Diamonds Are Forever.^[]

Roger Moore was appointed to the role of for Live and Let Die (). He played Bond a further six times over twelve years, before being replaced by Timothy Dalton for two films. After a six-year hiatus, during which a legal wrangle threatened Eon's productions of the Bond films,^[] Irish actor Pierce Brosnan was cast as Bond in GoldenEye (); he remained in the role for a total of four films, before leaving in In , Daniel Craig was given the role of Bond for Casino Royale (), which rebooted the series.^[] Craig has appeared for a total of four films, and his fifth is scheduled for release in ^[] The series has grossed almost $7&#;billion to date, making it the third-highest-grossing film series (behind the Harry Potter and Marvel Cinematic Universe films),^[] and the single most successful adjusted for inflation.^[]

Non-Eon films

In Casino Royale was adapted into a parody Bond film starring David Niven as Sir James Bond and Ursula Andress as Vesper Lynd. Niven had been Fleming's preference for the role of Bond.^[] The result of a court case in the High Court in London in allowed Kevin McClory to produce a remake of Thunderball titled Never Say Never Again in ^[] The film, produced by Jack Schwartzman's Taliafilm production company and starring Sean Connery as Bond, was not part of the Eon series of Bond films. In the Sony Corporation acquired all or some of McClory's rights in an undisclosed deal,^[] which were then subsequently acquired by MGM, whilst on 4 December , MGM announced that the company had purchased the rights to Never Say Never Again from Taliafilm.^[] As of ^[update], Eon holds the full adaptation rights to all of Fleming's Bond novels.^[][]

Music

The "James Bond Theme" was written by Monty Norman and was first orchestrated by the John Barry Orchestra for 's Dr. No, although the actual authorship of the music has been a matter of controversy for many years.^[] In , Norman won £30, in libel damages from The Sunday Times newspaper, which suggested that Barry was entirely responsible for the composition.^[] The theme, as written by Norman and arranged by Barry, was described by another Bond film composer, David Arnold, as "bebop-swing vibe coupled with that vicious, dark, distorted electric guitar, definitely an instrument of rock 'n' roll&#; it represented everything about the character you would want: It was cocky, swaggering, confident, dark, dangerous, suggestive, sexy, unstoppable. And he did it in two minutes."^[] Barry composed the scores for eleven Bond films^[] and had an uncredited contribution to Dr. No with his arrangement of the Bond Theme.^[]

A Bond film staple are the theme songs heard during their title sequences sung by well-known popular singers.^[] Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song, including Paul McCartney's "Live and Let Die",^[]Carly Simon's "Nobody Does It Better",^[]Sheena Easton's "For Your Eyes Only",^[]Adele's "Skyfall",^[] and Sam Smith's "Writing's on the Wall".^[] Adele won the award at the 85th Academy Awards, and Smith won at the 88th Academy Awards.^[] For the non-Eon produced Casino Royale, Burt Bacharach's score included "The Look of Love", which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song.^[]

Video games

In the first Bond video game, developed and published by Parker Brothers, was released for the Atari , the Atari , the Atari , the Commodore 64 and the ColecoVision.^[] Since then, there have been numerous video games either based on the films or using original storylines. In the first-person shootervideo gameGoldenEye was developed by Rare for the Nintendo 64, based on the Pierce Brosnan film GoldenEye.^[] The game received very positive reviews,^[] won the BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Award for UK Developer of the Year in ^[] and sold over eight million copies worldwide,^[][] grossing $&#;million.^[]

In Electronic Arts acquired the licence and released Tomorrow Never Dies on 16 December ^[] In October , they released The World Is Not Enough^[] for the Nintendo 64^[] followed by Racing for the PlayStation on 21 November ^[] In , the company released James Bond Everything or Nothing,^[] which included the likenesses and voices of Pierce Brosnan, Willem Dafoe, Heidi Klum, Judi Dench and John Cleese, amongst others.^[] In November , Electronic Arts released a video game adaptation of From Russia with Love,^[] which involved Sean Connery's image and voice-over for Bond.^[] In Electronic Arts announced a game based on then-upcoming film Casino Royale: the game was cancelled because it would not be ready by the film's release in November of that year. With MGM losing revenue from lost licensing fees, the franchise was removed from EA to Activision.^[] Activision subsequently released the Quantum of Solace game on 31 October , based on the film of the same name.^[]

A new version of GoldenEye featuring Daniel Craig was released for the Wii and a handheld version for the Nintendo DS in November ^[] A year later a new version was released for Xbox and PlayStation 3 under the title GoldenEye Reloaded.^[][] In October Legends was released, which featured one mission from each of the Bond actors of the Eon Productions' series.^[]

Role-playing game

From to , a licensed tabletop role-playing game, James Bond Role-Playing In Her Majesty's Secret Service, was published by Victory Games (a branch of Avalon Hill) with it being designed by Gerard Christopher Klug. It was the most popular espionage role-playing game for its time.^[] In addition to providing materials for players to create original scenarios, the game also offered players the opportunity to have adventures modelled after many of the Eon Productions film adaptations, albeit with modifications to provide challenges by preventing players from slavishly imitating Bond's actions in the stories.^[]

Guns, vehicles and gadgets

Guns

For the first five novels, Fleming armed Bond with a Beretta ^[] until he received a letter from a thirty-one-year-old Bond enthusiast and gun expert, Geoffrey Boothroyd, criticising Fleming's choice of firearm for Bond,^[] calling it "a lady's gun – and not a very nice lady at that!"^[] Boothroyd suggested that Bond should swap his Beretta for a mmWalther PPK and this exchange of arms made it to Dr. No.^[] Boothroyd also gave Fleming advice on the Berns-Martin triple draw shoulder holster and a number of the weapons used by SMERSH and other villains.^[] In thanks, Fleming gave the MI6 Armourer in his novels the name Major Boothroyd and, in Dr. No, M introduces him to Bond as "the greatest small-arms expert in the world".^[] Bond also used a variety of rifles, including the Savage Model 99 in "For Your Eyes Only" and a Winchester target rifle in "The Living Daylights".^[] Other handguns used by Bond in the Fleming books included the Colt Detective Special and a long-barrelled Colt Army Special.^[]

The first Bond film, Dr. No, saw M ordering Bond to leave his Beretta behind and take up the Walther PPK,^[] which the film Bond used in eighteen films.^[] In Tomorrow Never Dies and the two subsequent films, Bond's main weapon was the Walther P99semi-automatic pistol.^[]

Vehicles

In the early Bond stories Fleming gave Bond a battleship-grey Bentley 4&#;¹&#;₂ Litre with an Amherst Villierssupercharger.^[] After Bond's car was written off by Hugo Drax in Moonraker, Fleming gave Bond a Mark II Continental Bentley, which he used in the remaining books of the series.^[] During Goldfinger, Bond was issued with an Aston Martin DB Mark III with a homing device, which he used to track Goldfinger across France. Bond returned to his Bentley for the subsequent novels.^[]

The Bond of the films has driven a number of cars, including the Aston Martin V8 Vantage,^[] during the s, the V12 Vanquish^[] and DBS^[] during the s, as well as the Lotus Esprit;^[] the BMW Z3,^[]BMW iL^[] and the BMW Z8.^[] He has, however, also needed to drive a number of other vehicles, ranging from a Citroën 2CV to a Routemaster Bus, amongst others.^[]

Bond's most famous car is the silver grey Aston Martin DB5, first seen in Goldfinger;^[] it later featured in Thunderball, GoldenEye, Tomorrow Never Dies, Casino Royale, Skyfall and Spectre.^[]

The James Bondfilm series is a series of spy films based on the fictional character of MI6 agent James Bond, "", who originally appeared in a series of books by Ian Fleming. It is one of the longest continually-running film series in history, having been in on-going production from to the present (with a six-year hiatus between and ). In that time Eon Productions has produced 25 films (including one due for release in ), most of them at Pinewood Studios. With a combined gross of over $7 billion to date, the films produced by Eon constitute the sixth-highest-grossing film series.^{[a][1][2][3][4][5]} Six actors have portrayed in the Eon series, the latest being Daniel Craig.

Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman co-produced most of the Eon films until , when Broccoli became the sole producer. The single exception during this period was Thunderball, on which Broccoli and Saltzman became executive producers while Kevin McClory produced. From Broccoli was joined by his stepson Michael G. Wilson as producer and in Broccoli stepped aside from Eon and was replaced by his daughter Barbara, who has co-produced with Wilson since. Broccoli's (and until , Saltzman's) family company, Danjaq, has held ownership of the series through Eon, and maintained co-ownership with United Artists since the mids. The Eon series has seen continuity both in the main actors and in the production crews, with directors, writers, composers, production designers, and others employed through a number of films.

From the release of Dr. No () to For Your Eyes Only (), the films were distributed solely by United Artists. When Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer absorbed United Artists in , MGM/UA Entertainment Co. was formed and distributed the films until MGM solely distributed three films from to after United Artists was retired as a mainstream studio. From to , MGM and Columbia Pictures co-distributed the film series, following the acquisition of MGM by a consortium led by Columbia's parent company, Sony Pictures. In November , MGM filed for bankruptcy. Following its emergence from insolvency, Columbia became co-production partner of the series with Eon. Sony's distribution rights to the franchise expired in late with the release of Spectre.^[6] In , MGM and Eon offered a one-film contract to co-finance and distribute the upcoming 25th film worldwide,^[7] which was reported on 25 May to have been won by Universal Pictures.^[8] The upcoming 25th film, officially titled No Time to Die, will be the first film in the franchise to be distributed by United Artists since Tomorrow Never Dies.

Independently of the Eon series, there have been three additional productions with the character of James Bond: an American television adaptation, Casino Royale (), produced by CBS; a spoof, Casino Royale (), produced by Charles K. Feldman; and a remake of Thunderball entitled Never Say Never Again (), produced by Jack Schwartzman, who had obtained the rights to the film from McClory.

First screen adaptation[edit]

In the American CBS television network paid Ian Fleming $1,^[9] ($9, in dollars^[10]) for the rights to turn his first novel, Casino Royale, into a one-hour television adventure^[11] as part of the dramatic anthology series Climax Mystery Theater, which ran between October and June ^[12] It was adapted for the screen by Anthony Ellis and Charles Bennett; Bennett was well known for his collaborations with Alfred Hitchcock, including The 39 Steps and Sabotage.^[13] Due to the restriction of a one-hour play, the adapted version lost many of the details found in the book, although it retained its violence, particularly in Act III.^[13] The hour-long "Casino Royale" episode, which starred American actor Barry Nelson as Bond and Peter Lorre as the villain Le Chiffre, aired on 21 October as a live production.^[14]

Eon Productions[edit]

Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman (–)[edit]

In producer Albert R. "Cubby" Broccoli at Warwick Films expressed interest in adapting the Bond novels, but his colleague Irving Allen was unenthusiastic.^[15] In June Fleming sold a six-month option on the film rights to his published and future James Bond novels and short stories to Harry Saltzman, with the exception of Casino Royale, which he had previously sold.^[16][17] Towards the end of Saltzman's option period, screenwriter Wolf Mankowitz introduced him to Broccoli,^[18] and Saltzman and Broccoli formed Eon Productions with the intention of making the first Bond film.^[19] A number of Hollywood studios did not want to fund the films, finding them "too British" or "too blatantly sexual".^[20] Eventually the two signed a deal with United Artists for % financial backing and distribution of seven films,^[21] with financing of $1&#;million for the first feature.^[22] Saltzman and Broccoli also created the company Danjaq, which was to hold the rights to the films which Eon Productions was to produce.^[23]

Eon had originally intended to film Fleming's novel Thunderball first, but Kevin McClory took Fleming to the High Court in London for breach of copyright over the book,^[24] and so Eon decided to film Dr. No first.^[22]

Dr. No ()[edit]

Eon asked several directors—Bryan Forbes, Guy Green, Val Guest and Guy Hamilton—to helm the film, but all declined, before Terence Young agreed.^[25] Eon had originally hired Wolf Mankowitz and Richard Maibaum to write Dr. No's screenplay, partly because of Mankowitz's help in brokering the deal between Broccoli and Saltzman.^[26] An initial draft of the screenplay was rejected because the scriptwriters had made the villain, Dr. No, a monkey, and Mankowitz left the film.^[27][28] Maibaum then undertook a second version, more closely in line with the novel; Johanna Harwood and Berkely Mather then worked on Maibaum's script,^[29] with Harwood in particular being described as a script doctor credited with improving the British characterisations.^[30]

To play the lead role of Bond, Sean Connery was not Broccoli or Fleming's first choice, but he was selected after Patrick McGoohan had turned down the role,^[31] and Eon had rejected Richard Johnson.^[32][33] After Connery was chosen, Terence Young took the actor to his tailor and hairdresser^[34] and introduced him to the high life, restaurants, casinos and women of London. In the words of Bond writer Raymond Benson, Young educated the actor "in the ways of being dapper, witty, and above all, cool".^[35]

Filming took place on location in Jamaica between 16 January^[36] and 21 February ; five days later filming began at Pinewood Studios in England with sets designed by Ken Adam,^[23] who had previously worked with Broccoli on the film The Trials of Oscar Wilde.^[37]Maurice Binder created the title sequence and introduced the gun barrel motif that appears in all the Eon Bond films.^[38]Monty Norman wrote the accompanying soundtrack, which included the "James Bond Theme", heard in the gun barrel sequence and in a calypso medley over the title credits; the theme was described by another Bond film composer, David Arnold, as "bebop-swing vibe coupled with that vicious, dark, distorted electric guitar, definitely an instrument of rock 'n' roll&#; it represented everything about the character you would want: It was cocky, swaggering, confident, dark, dangerous, suggestive, sexy, unstoppable. And he did it in two minutes".^[39] The theme was arranged by John Barry, who was uncredited for the arrangement^[40] but credited for his performance.^[22]

From Russia with Love ()[edit]

After the financial success of Dr. No, United Artists doubled the budget offered to Eon Productions to $2 million for the company's next film, From Russia with Love.^[41] The film was shot in Europe, which had turned out to be the more profitable market for Dr. No.^[42] Most of the crew from the first film returned, with major exceptions being production designer Ken Adam—who went to work on Dr. Strangelove and was replaced by Dr. No's art director Syd Cain—and title designer Maurice Binder, who was replaced by Robert Brownjohn.^[43][44]

John Barry composed the scores of 11 Bond films between and

The original screenwriter for the film was Len Deighton, but he was replaced because of his slow progress. Two of the writers from Dr. No, Richard Maibaum and Johanna Harwood, were brought in, with Maibaum being given the sole writing credit and Harwood being credited for "adaptation".^[45]From Russia with Love is the first Bond film in the series with John Barry as the primary soundtrack composer,^[46] although Lionel Bart wrote the title song "From Russia with Love", sung by Matt Monro.^[47]Principal photography began on 1 April ^[48] and concluded on 23 August.^[49] Filming took place in Turkey, Pinewood Studios and Venice, with Scotland and Switzerland doubling for the Orient Express journey through Eastern Europe.^[50]

Goldfinger ()[edit]

While the previous two films had concentrated on the Caribbean and Europe, Goldfinger was chosen by Eon for the third film, with the American cinema market in mind.^[51] Because Terence Young was refused a share of the profits, he declined to direct Goldfinger and worked on The Amorous Adventures of Moll Flanders instead,^[52] although he had done some pre-production work before he left.^[53] In his place, Eon turned to Guy Hamilton to direct;^[54] he was keen to inject elements of humour into the series,^[55] have more gadgets and build bigger and more elegant sets.^[56]

Eon again turned to Richard Maibaum for the script, although Paul Dehn was later introduced for rewrites.^[51] After missing From Russia with Love, Ken Adam returned as production designer.^[57] Adam's imagination provided the idea of gold stacked upon gold behind iron bars for the scenes in the United States Bullion Depository. Saltzman disliked the design's resemblance to a prison, but Hamilton liked it enough that it was built.^[58]

Robert Brownjohn returned to develop the opening credit sequence, which featured clips of all three Bond films projected on actress Margaret Nolan's body. Its design was inspired by seeing light projecting on people's bodies as they got up and left a cinema.^[59] Principal photography on Goldfinger started on 20 January in Miami, at the Fontainebleau Hotel; the crew was small, consisting only of Hamilton, Broccoli, Adam and cinematographer Ted Moore.^[60] After five days in Florida, production moved to England.^[61] The primary location was Pinewood Studios, home to sets including a recreation of the Fontainebleau, the South American city of the pre-title sequence, and both Goldfinger's estate and factory.^[60][62] Ian Fleming visited the set of Goldfinger in April ; he died in August, shortly before the film's release.^[63] The second unit filmed in Kentucky, and these shots were edited into scenes filmed at Pinewood.^[62] Principal photography then moved to Switzerland for the car chase and additional footage for Goldfinger's factory sequence.^[63] Filming wrapped on 11 July at Andermatt, after nineteen weeks of shooting.^[64]

Kevin McClory ()[edit]

When writing his novels, Ian Fleming had always considered that they could be adapted for the cinema,^[65] and he approached producer Sir Alexander Korda to make a film adaptation of either Live and Let Die or Moonraker. Although Korda was initially interested, he later withdrew.^[66] On 1 October , it was announced that Fleming would write an original film script featuring Bond for producer Kevin McClory. Jack Whittingham also worked on the script, culminating in a screenplay entitled James Bond, Secret Agent.^{[citation needed]} However, Alfred Hitchcock and Richard Burton turned down roles as director and star, respectively.^[67][68] McClory was unable to secure the financing for the film, and the deal fell through. Fleming subsequently used the story for his novel Thunderball (),^[69] and McClory failed to have its publication stopped.^[70] On 19 November he took the matter to the Chancery Division of the High Court in the case of McClory v Fleming, but settled on 9 December ,^[71] after nine days in court.^[72] McClory gained the literary and film rights for the screenplay, while Fleming was given the rights to the novel, although it had to be recognised as being "based on a screen treatment by Kevin McClory, Jack Whittingham and the Author".^[73]

Thunderball ()[edit]

After From Russia with Love, Eon had considered undertaking an adaptation of either On Her Majesty's Secret Service or Casino Royale.^[74][75] They entered into negotiations with Charles K. Feldman, who held the rights to the latter, but a deal proved too difficult to achieve.^[76] Instead, Eon turned to the Thunderball novel. Although Eon had wanted to adapt the book in , it had not been possible until the legal obstacles had been cleared.^[77] As a result of the settlement of the copyright infringement lawsuit brought by Kevin McClory, Eon negotiated with McClory to make Thunderball. McClory received the sole producer credit on the film, while Broccoli and Saltzman took the title Executive Producer, although "in reality all three men would essentially act as producers".^[78] Broccoli later said of the three-way partnership that "We didn't want anyone else to make Thunderball&#; We had the feeling that if anyone else came in and made their own Bond film, it would have been bad for our series".^[78]

Guy Hamilton was asked to direct again, but declined feeling that he was "drained of ideas&#; I had nothing to contribute until I'd recharged batteries";^[79] Terence Young returned to direct after the hiatus of Goldfinger.^[80] Richard Maibaum's original script from was used as the basis of the script, which he then re-drafted, with further revisions by John Hopkins.^[78] Principal filming began in Paris on 16 February ,^[81] and moved to Nassau on 22 March,^[82] before concluding at Pinewood Studios in May.^[83]

With worldwide box office earnings of $ million Thunderball became the highest-grossing instalment and retained the record until it was surpassed by The Spy Who Loved Me twelve years later;^[84] adjusted for inflation it remained the most successful entry until Skyfall was released in ^[85] As part of the contract with Eon, McClory received 20% of the film's profits and undertook not to produce any other films based on the Thunderball story for a period of ten years following the release of the Eon-produced version in ^[86][87]

Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman (–)[edit]

You Only Live Twice ()[edit]

After the interruption of McClory as producer, Albert Broccoli and Harry Saltzman returned to production once again.^[88] The first four Bond films had been popular in Japan,^[89] and Eon decided to take advantage of the market by producing You Only Live Twice.^[90] The film included progressive elements of Japanese culture as part of the background.^[91]

Lewis Gilbert was appointed director and Ken Adam returned as production designer. Adam built a volcano hideaway set for the main antagonist, Ernst Stavro Blofeld, at Pinewood for $1&#;millon^[57] ($&#;million in dollars);^[10] at the time it was the biggest film set in Europe. Gilbert, Broccoli, Saltzman, Ken Adam and director of photography Freddie Young then went to Japan, spending three weeks searching for locations. While in Tokyo, the crew crossed paths with Peter R. Hunt, who was on holiday. Hunt had edited the first four Bond films, and he was invited to direct the second unit.^[88] The total budget for the film was $&#;million ($79&#;million in dollars).^[92]

Initially the screenwriter was to be Harold Jack Bloom,^[93] although he was later replaced by Roald Dahl, who had little previous screenwriting experience.^[94]You Only Live Twice was the first Bond film to jettison the plot premise of the Fleming source material, although the film retains the title, the Japanese setting, the use of Blofeld as the main villain and a Bond girl named Kissy Suzuki from the novel.^[88]

Filming commenced at Pinewood on 4 July ^[89] before moving out to Japan on 27 July for six weeks' filming.^[95] Local Japanese interest in the filming was high, and the crew had to contend with large crowds throughout the process.^[96] Connery, however, was somewhat resigned to the project, lacking the enthusiasm he sported for Thunderball.^[97] A press conference on his arrival had been tense, "soured by aggressive questioning of Connery's crumpled, jet-lagged appearance".^[95] Primary and secondary photography finished in December; the special effects filming for the space scenes were undertaken between January and March , prior to the film's release on 12 June.^[98]

The cinema posters for the film stated "Sean Connery IS James Bond", to distance the Eon-produced picture from the independent Casino Royale, which had been released two months earlier.^[99] However, during the production, Connery announced that it would be his last film as Bond, leaving Broccoli to tell Alan Whicker, "it won't be the last Bond under any circumstances—with all due respect to Sean, who I think has been certainly the best man to play this part. We will, in our own way, try to continue the Bond series for the audience because it's too important".^[95]

On Her Majesty's Secret Service ()[edit]

George Lazenby was signed on to play Bond for OHMSS. Between Sean Connery giving his notice at the beginning of filming You Only Live Twice and its release, Saltzman had planned to adapt The Man with the Golden Gun in Cambodia and use Roger Moore as the next Bond, but political instability meant the location was ruled out and Moore signed up for another series of the television programme The Saint.^[] After You Only Live Twice was released in , the producers once again picked the often-delayed On Her Majesty's Secret Service, which had previously been considered to follow both Goldfinger and then Thunderball.^[][75]

Peter Hunt, who had worked on the five preceding films, had impressed Broccoli and Saltzman enough to earn his directorial debut as they believed his quick cutting had set the style for the series;^[] it was also the result of a long-standing promise from Broccoli and Saltzman for the opportunity to direct.^[] Hunt also asked for the position during the production of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, and he brought along with him many crew members, including cinematographer Michael Reed.^[] Hunt was focused on putting his mark, saying, "I wanted it to be different than any other Bond film would be. It was my film, not anyone else's".^[]On Her Majesty's Secret Service was the last film on which Hunt worked in the series.^[]

Screenwriter Richard Maibaum, who worked on the first four Bond films, returned as script writer.^[] Saltzman and Broccoli decided to drop the science fiction gadgets from the earlier films and focus more on plot as in From Russia With Love.^[] Peter Hunt asked Simon Raven to write some of the dialogue between Contessa Teresa "Tracy" di Vicenzo and Blofeld in Piz Gloria, which was to be "sharper, better and more intellectual";^[] Raven's additions included rewriting the proposal scene and having Tracy quote James Elroy Flecker.^[] Syd Cain took over from Ken Adam as production designer as Eon decided not to have Adam's larger sets to reduce the film's budget to $7&#;million, from the $&#;million it took to make You Only Live Twice.^[][]

Principal photography began in the Canton of Bern, Switzerland, on 21 October , with the first scene shot being an aerial view of Bond climbing the stairs of Blofeld's mountain retreat.^[] The scenes were shot atop the now-famous revolving restaurantPiz Gloria, located atop the Schilthorn near the village of Mürren. The location was found by production manager Hubert Fröhlich after three weeks of location scouting in France and Switzerland.^[] The Swiss filming ended up running 56 days over schedule.^[] In March production moved to England, with London's Pinewood Studios being used for interior shooting, and M's house being shot in Marlow, Buckinghamshire. In April the filmmakers went to Portugal, where principal photography wrapped in May.^[][] Filming finished on 23 June, two months later than planned, which was largely due to the warm Swiss winter, which had hampered shooting.^[]

Midway through production, acting on advice from his agent Ronan O'Rahilly, George Lazenby announced that he was not going to continue as Bond in future films, and he left the role before the December release of On Her Majesty's Secret Service.^[]

Diamonds Are Forever ()[edit]

Although Eon secured the services of John Gavin to play the role of Bond, United Artists' chief David Picker was unhappy with this decision and instructed associate producer Stanley Sopel to broker a deal with Connery which saw the actor being paid $ million ($10 million in dollars)^[10] and % of the gross.^[][] Connery's salary took a significant part of the $&#;million budget.^[84]

The producers had originally intended to have Diamonds Are Forever re-create commercially successful aspects of Goldfinger, so they hired director Guy Hamilton as a result.^[] Richard Maibaum also returned to write the script; the first draft envisaged the return of Auric Goldfinger portrayer Gert Fröbe, this time in the role of Goldfinger's twin brother. Maibaum also wrote a climax to the film that consisted of the new Goldfinger being chased across Lake Mead by the people of Las Vegas, all being co-ordinated by Bond.^[] In the autumn of Tom Mankiewicz was hired to undertake re-writes, which included removing Goldfinger's brother and the Lake Mead finale.^[]

Filming began on 5 April with the desert near Las Vegas doubling for the South African scenes,^[] followed by filming in the Great Basin Desert, Nevada in May for scenes in which Bond drives a moon buggy.^[] On 7 June production moved to Pinewood Studios for filming at sets of the returning Ken Adam; his sets spread through four of Pinewood's stages.^[] Filming also took place in London, Dover, Southampton, Amsterdam and the south of France;^[] principal photography finished 13 August ^[]

Live and Let Die ()[edit]

While filming Diamonds Are Forever, Live and Let Die was chosen as the next Ian Fleming novel to be adapted because screenwriter Tom Mankiewicz thought it would be daring to use black villains, as the Black Panthers and other racial movements were active at that time.^[] The new Bond actor selected by Eon was Roger Moore, and he tried not to imitate either his predecessor Sean Connery or his own performance as Simon Templar in The Saint; Mankiewicz adapted the screenplay to emphasise Moore's persona by giving him more comedy scenes and creating a light-hearted feel to Bond.^[] Guy Hamilton was again chosen to direct, and Mankiewicz suggested they film in New Orleans, as he knew Hamilton was a jazz fan. Hamilton didn't want to use Mardi Gras, as Thunderball featured Junkanoo, a similar festival, so after more discussions with the writer and further scouting, he decided to use two well-known features of the city, the jazz funerals and the canals.^[] While searching for locations in Jamaica, the crew discovered a crocodile farm owned by Ross Kananga, after passing a sign warning that "trespassers will be eaten". The farm was put into the script and also inspired Mankiewicz to name the film's villain after Kananga.^[] With the rise of the popularity of Blaxploitation films in the early s, it was decided to borrow elements of the genre for Live and Let Die.^[]

Syd Cain returned as art director and was involved searching for locations with Guy Hamilton in March ^[] Principal photography began on 13 October in the Irish Bayou in Louisiana for a boat chase scene.^[] On 29 November production moved to Jamaica, which doubled for the fictional island San Monique, the home of antagonist Kananga. In December, production was divided between interiors in Pinewood Studios, while a separate unit also shot in Harlem.^[]

John Barry, who had worked on the previous five films, was unavailable during production. Broccoli and Saltzman instead asked Paul McCartney to write the theme song. Since McCartney's salary of $15, (plus royalties) was high and another composer of Barry's stature could not be hired with the remainder of the music budget, George Martin, who had little experience of film scoring, was hired.^[]

The Man with the Golden Gun ()[edit]

The film of The Man with the Golden Gun saw a change in location from the novel of the same name to put Bond in the Far East for the second time.^[] After considering Beirut, where part of the film is set;^[] Iran, where the location scouting was done but eventually discarded because of the Yom Kippur War;^[] and the Hạ Long Bay in Vietnam, the production team chose Thailand as a primary location, following a suggestion of production designer Peter Murton after he saw pictures of the Phuket bay in a magazine.^[] Saltzman was happy with the choice of the Far East for the setting as he had always wanted to go on location in Thailand and Hong Kong.^[] During the reconnaissance of locations in Hong Kong, Broccoli saw the partially submerged wreckage of the former RMS&#;Queen Elizabeth and came up with the idea of using it as the base for MI6's Far East operations.^[]

Tom Mankiewicz wrote a first draft for the script in , delivering a script that was a battle of wills between Bond and the primary villain Francisco Scaramanga, whom he saw as Bond's alter ego, "a super-villain of the stature of Bond himself".^[] Tensions between Mankiewicz and Guy Hamilton led to Richard Maibaum taking over scripting duties.^[] Maibaum, who had worked on six Bond films previously, delivered his own draft based on Mankiewicz's work.^[] Broccoli's stepson Michael G. Wilson researched solar power to create the MacGuffin of the "Solex Agitator".^[] While Live and Let Die had borrowed heavily from the blaxploitation genre,^[]The Man with the Golden Gun borrowed from the martial arts genre that was popular in the s.^[]

On 6 November filming commenced at the exterior location shots of RMS Queen Elizabeth, which acted as a top-secret MI6 base grounded in Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong.^[] The major part of principal photography started in April in Thailand.^[] Thai locations included Bangkok, Thonburi, Phuket and the nearby Phang Nga Province, on the islands of Ko Khao Phing Kan (Thai: เกาะเขาพิงกัน) and Ko Tapu (Thai: เกาะตะปู).^[][] In late April production returned to Hong Kong and also shot in Macau.^[] Production had to move to studio work in Pinewood Studios—which included sets such as Scaramanga's solar energy plant and island interior.^[]

John Barry returned to compose the score, but had only three weeks to complete the work,^[] and the theme tune and score are generally considered by critics to be among the weakest of Barry's contributions to the series—an opinion shared by Barry himself: "It's the one I hate most&#; it just never happened for me".^[]

Albert R. Broccoli (–)[edit]

Following The Man with the Golden Gun, producer Harry Saltzman sold his 50% stake in Eon Productions' parent company, Danjaq, to United Artists to alleviate his financial problems,^[] brought about by financial constraints following a downturn in the fortunes of Technicolor, in which he had invested heavily.^[] The resulting legalities over the Bond property delayed production of the next Bond film, The Spy Who Loved Me.^[]

The Spy Who Loved Me ()[edit]

Guy Hamilton was initially scheduled to follow on from The Man with the Golden Gun with The Spy Who Loved Me, but instead turned down Eon Productions during pre-production after being offered the opportunity to direct the film Superman, although he was ultimately passed up for Richard Donner.^[][] Eon then turned to Lewis Gilbert, who had directed the earlier Bond film You Only Live Twice.^[] Broccoli commissioned a number of writers to work on the script, including Stirling Silliphant, John Landis, Ronald Hardy, Anthony Burgess and Derek Marlowe,^[] but Richard Maibaum drew up the first draft script, with some inclusions from the previous writers.^[] When Lewis Gilbert was hired to direct, he brought with him Christopher Wood to revise Maibaum's draft. The draft Wood prepared was challenged in court by Kevin McClory, who alleged infringement based on the use of what he claimed were his rights in SPECTRE and the Blofeld character. Eon disputed McClory's claim but had Wood remove the organisation and character from the script.^[]

Ken Adam returned as production designer. As no studio stages were big enough for the interior of the villain Karl Stromberg's supertanker, in March construction began of a new sound stage at Pinewood, the Stage, which cost $ million and became the largest stage in the world.^[] In contrast to the volcano crater set Adam had built for You Only Live Twice in —which Adam had called "a workable but ultimately wasteful set"—the Stage would be a permanent structure that could be rented out to other productions.^[] Secondary filming began in July at Baffin Island, where the ski jump for the opening credits was filmed. Principal filming commenced in Sardinia in August , moving on to Egypt shortly afterwards. Further filming took place in Sardinia, Malta, Japan, Switzerland and the Faslane submarine base.^[] On 5 December , with principal photography finished, the Stage was formally opened by the former Prime Minister Harold Wilson.^[]

John Barry could not work in the United Kingdom due to tax problems^[][b] and suggested Marvin Hamlisch to score the film.^[] Hamlisch composed "Nobody Does It Better" as the theme song; the score and the song were both nominated for Academy^[] and Golden Globe Awards.^[]

Moonraker ()[edit]

Eon Productions had originally planned to follow The Spy Who Loved Me with an adaptation of For Your Eyes Only, although this plan changed within weeks of the release, following the box office success of the space-themed film Star Wars.^[][] With a budget of $34&#;million Moonraker cost more than double any of the previous Bond films, although both Broccoli and United Artists agreed to the costs because of the profits from The Spy Who Loved Me.^[][]

Lewis Gilbert was again appointed as director, and a number of the crew from The Spy Who Loved Me also joined the production.^[] Gilbert and Tom Mankiewicz wrote the initial story, but Christopher Wood turned this into the final screenplay.^[] Many of the script ideas came about as a result of location scouting, with Iguazu Falls being identified as a filming location while Broccoli was in Brazil for the release of The Spy Who Loved Me.^[]

Unlike previous Bond films, the production of Moonraker was not based at Pinewood, as Broccoli moved it to Paris for financial reasons,^[] although the scenes for the cable car interiors and space battle exteriors were filmed at Pinewood,^[] with the special effects team of Derek Meddings active in the UK throughout production.^[] Principal photography began on 11 August in Paris. The sets designed by returning production designer Ken Adam were the largest ever constructed in France and required more than , man-hours to construct (approximately 1, hours by each of the crew on average).^[] Much of the film was shot in the cities of London, Paris, Venice, Palmdale, California, Port St. Lucie, Florida and Rio de Janeiro.^[] Principal filming finished back in Paris on 27 February , a week schedule that had allowed Roger Moore only three days off.^[] John Barry was again asked to score an Eon film.^[]

For Your Eyes Only ()[edit]

For Your Eyes Only marked a change in the production crew: John Glen was promoted from his duties as a film editor to director, a position he would occupy for the next four films.^[] Since Ken Adam was busy with the film